This document discusses various special diets and dietary guidelines related to specific health conditions. It covers anaemia, bowel disorders like constipation and diverticulitis, coeliac disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, dental caries, obesity, osteoporosis, and vegetarianism. For each topic, it provides information on causes, risk factors, symptoms, and dietary guidelines for prevention or management. The document is intended as an educational resource on special diets and related health conditions.
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Anaemia
• Anaemia is a disorder that occurs when there is an
inadequate amount of iron in the blood
• Causes:
1. Not getting enough iron from the diet
2. Not getting enough Vitamin C.
3. Heavy blood loss
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Groups at Risk
1. Teenage girls: due to loss of blood through
menstruation and inadequate intake.
2. Vegetarians: there diet is deficient in meat and
liver which are excellent sources of iron
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Dietary Guidelines
• Eat foods rich in iron-red meat, dark green
vegetables, cereals
• Eat foods rich in vitamin C- citrus fruits, green
vegetables
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Bowel Disorders
• Caused by a lack of fibre in a person’s diet
• Prevalent in developed countries where a lot of
processed foods are eaten
• Disorders include:
1. Constipation
2. Haemorrhoids(piles)
3. Diverticulitis
4. Colon cancer
5. Irritable bowel syndrome
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Some medical conditions that may
cause constipation:
1.Pregnancy or having given birth
2.problems with the muscles and nerves in the intestine,
rectum, or anus
3.Irritable bowel syndrome, a condition in which the nerves
that control the muscles in the intestine don’t function
correctly; the intestine becomes sensitive to food, stool,
gas, and stress
4. Diabetes a condition in which a person has high blood
sugar, because the body cannot use blood glucose, or blood
sugar, for energy
5.Hypothyroidism a condition in which the thyroid gland does
not produce enough hormone to meet the body’s needs and
many of the body’s functions slow down
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Haemorrhoids (Piles)
Are swollen veins caused by severe straining
during defecation.
Internal piles are generally
painless but can bleed if a
hard stool rubs against it
during a bowel movement. If
an internal pile protrudes
outside the anus it can cause
severe pain
External piles are painful
swollen veins on anus they can cause itching
and if ruptured they can bleed.
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Diverticular Disease
Diverticular*
disease affects the
colon. The colon is part of the
large intestine that removes
waste from your body.
Diverticular disease is made up of
two conditions: diverticulosis and
diverticulitis.
Diverticulosis occurs when pouches,
called diverticula, form in the
colon. These pouches bulge out
like weak spots in a tire.
Diverticulitis occurs if the pouches
become inflamed
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Causes of diverticular disease
• Diverticulosis is thought
to be caused by
straining when passing
stools. Diverticulitus is
caused when the
pouches become full of
food waste. The
bacteria present
produce acids and gases
causing inflammation
and pain.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Irritable bowel syndrome is
not a disease it’s a function
disorder meaning the bowel
does not work correctly.
• People with IBS can suffer
from abdominal camps,
bloating, diarrhea or
constipation.
• It does not damage the
bowels
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Bowel cancer
• Disorder of the colon and rectum
• Common in both males and females
• Can lead to anaemia due to blood loss
• Can spread to surrounding areas
• Curable if diagnosed early
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Non-Starch Polysaccharides
(NSP)
• Also known as dietary fibre
• Cannot be digested by the body
• Prevents bowel disorders as it stimulates peristalsis
(muscles in the gut move the food along).
• Some NSP found in fruit & vegetables is soluble and
is associated with reducing cholesterol.
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How to reduce the risk of bowel
disorders
• Follow a high fibre diet
– Increase intake of fruit and vegetables
– Eat fruit and vegetables with skin (contains fibre)
– Add bran to breakfast cereals
– Reduce intake of sugar and refined starch, choose
wholegrain bread pasta etc. Instead
– Increase intake of nuts and seeds
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• Exercise- lack of exercise increases risk of bowel
cancer.
• Drink more water – This assist the passage of
fibre through digestive system
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What is Coeliac Disease?
“ A disease where an individual cannot digest gluten”
• Gluten is a protein.
• It is found in wheat, rye, oats and barley and their
products.
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What happens in the body?
• The body lacks an enzyme which is needed to digest
gluten.
• The body sees gluten as dangerous and the small
intestine inflames.
• The gluten damages the lining of the intestine by
flattening the villi meaning nutrients aren’t absorbed
properly.
• Results in weight loss, stomach pain, anaemia,
tiredness, slow growth.
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Dietary Guidelines
(Think GUIDE)
• Gluten-free diet should be followed.
• Use gluten-free products.
• Include naturally gluten-free foods.
• Dieticians recommendations should be followed
• Eating processed foods requires being able to
understand food labelling
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What is Coronary Heart Disease?
• Coronary heart disease occurs
when fatty substances,
including cholesterol become
lodged on the walls of the
coronary arteries causing
narrowing of the arteries.
• This blockage/hardening of
the arteries is called
atherosclerosis.
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Factors which increase
the risk of CHD
• Males over 45
• Females over 55
• Family history of CHD
• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
(hypertension)
• Lack of exercise
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Excess alcohol intake
• High stress level
• Diabetes mellitus
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Symptoms/effects of CHD
• Often there are no symptoms at first
• Angina:
If the blood supply is restricted the lack of oxygen
causes shortness of breath and severe chest pain.
Brought on by exertion and emotional stress.
• Heart attack/coronary thrombosis: explained on next
slide
• Sudden death
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Heart attack/coronary thrombosis:
• A blood clot can develop
in an already narrowed
artery cutting off the
oxygen to a part of the
heart causing a heart
attack.
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Lifestyle changes
• Follow a low cholesterol, low salt diet.
• Keep weight within acceptable range.
• Do not smoke
• Avoid alcohol
• Exercise
• Reduce stress levels
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Dietary guidelines
• Decrease the overall fat content
• Use fish and chicken as
your source of protein
instead of red meat
which is high in saturated
fat (and cholesterol).
• Reduce salt intake
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• Increase fibre intake
e.g. oats, bran, fruit and
vegetables as they
reduce LDL levels
• Use mono and poly unsaturated sources
of oil (they reduce LDL levels and
reduce hardening of arteries
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What is Cholesterol?
• Cholesterol is a soft wax-like substance.
• It is found in every cell in the body.
• Most cholesterol is made in the
liver, some is obtained from food.
• Essential part of cell membranes.
• Cholesterol in blood helps transport fats around the body
• Total cholesterol should be less than 5mmol/litre.
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• Cholesterol is carried through the body in the blood as
part of a lipoprotein molecule.
• There are two types of lipoprotein:
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
•Harmful
•Helps the build up
of cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein
•Good
•Helps to remove
cholesterol from tissues
•Reduces the risk of CHD
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Lipoproteins
2 types:
1.Low Density Lipoproteins: leads to
build up of cholesterol
1.High Density Lipoproteins: eliminates excess
cholesterol in blood
L for Lousy!
H for Healthy !
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Dental Caries
• Dental caries is the decay of the enamel of teeth
• Two main forms of dental disease are
1. Periodontal disease
2. Dental Caries
• Plaque is the main cause of these diseases – it is
composed of bacteria and minerals from saliva.
• Plaque can harden on teeth & if not removed – it
causes a plaque build-up – causing irritation of the
gums
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Guidelines to prevent Cavities
• Increase the resistance of the tooth by regular
brushing at least twice a day
• Remove bacteria by using a mouthwash
• Floss regularly to remove lodged food from between
teeth
• Visit a dentist at least twice a year
• Use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar
• Drink fluoridated water instead of fizzy drinks
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Diabetes
• Diabetes is the most common of the endocrine
disorders
• Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls
the amount of glucose in a person’s blood
• If there isn’t enough insulin, large amounts of glucose
remain in the bloodstream
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What is Diabetes Mellitus?
• Diabetes occurs when the body is unable to control glucose
levels in the blood because of a deficiency of insulin or an
inability of insulin to function properly in the body.
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Insulin dependent diabetes
• Occurs mainly in children (some adults)
Treatment:
Controlled by
diet and insulin
injections
Cause:
Pancreas fails
to produce
insulin
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes(IDD)
• This form of diabetes
usually begins in
childhood or
adolescence
• Patients have a total
lack of insulin & must
inject insulin into
their bloodstream
daily or take oral
medication
Dietary Guidelines
1. Inject insulin before all meals –
this enables the insulin to control
the body’s glucose level, which
rises when food is consumed
2. Reduce saturated fat intake, as a
high fat intake could lead to
coronary heart disease
3. Salt intake should be low, as salt
increases the risk of high blood
pressure
4. Maintain a high fibre diet
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Non-insulin dependent diabetes
• Usually occurs in middle aged people or those who are
overweight.
Causes:
•Not enough
insulin is made
in the body
or
•The body is not
able to respond
to the insulin.
Treatment
•Controlled by
diet alone
•Diet and tablets
which control
blood sugar levels
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Non-insulin dependent
diabetes(NIDD)
• Occurs in middle/later
life & is associated with
weight gain
• Accounts for 90% of all
cases of diabetes
• NIDD patients either do
not have enough insulin or
the insulin they do
produce is ineffective
• NIDD is controlled by a
rigid diet & in some cases
medication is prescribed
Dietary Guidelines
1. Body weight should be reduced
by eating fewer calories
2. The intake of saturated fat
should be reduced
3. The intake of fruit &
vegetables, which are healthy
alternatives to sugary snacks,
should be increased
4. Salt intake should be kept low
5. Low glycemic index(low GI)
foods should be consumed as
they release energy slowly eg.
starch
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Hypo & Hyperglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia
• Occurs when a person’s
blood supply level drops
considerably & their
insulin levels remain high
• Glucose intake is
essential in order to
overcome a
hypoglycaemic attack
• Symptoms: feeling ill,
irritability, hunger &
perspiration
Hyperglycaemia
• Occurs when there is not
enough insulin in the body
& a person’s blood sugar
level rises
• Insulin is needed to
prevent diabetic coma
• Symptoms: vomiting,
heavy breathing, diabetic
coma
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2 Main Types...
• Anorexia Nervosa: losing weight due to starvation,
self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives
• Bulimia: binge-eating followed by self induces
vomiting
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Eating Disorders....
• ...are physiological problems where the victims are
extremely thin but see themselves as not thin enough.
• ....symptoms dizziness, tiredness, weakness,
inability to concentrate, dry skin and hair.
• ...visible signs extreme thinness, rotting teeth,
facial & body hair.
• ....can be fatal.
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Obesity
• Obesity is a condition in which the body
accumulates excess fat.
• A person is considered to be obese if body weight
is 20% or more above the recommended weight for
a persons height.
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Dietary Guidelines for Tackling
Obesity
1. Weight Loss – gradual weight loss is more effective
than excessive weight loss
2. Increase the intake of fruit & vegetables
3. Increase the intake of high fibre foods
4. Reduce the intake of saturated fat
5. Avoid convenience foods, which are high in additives
6. Eat a balanced diet – follow the food pyramid
7. Drink plenty of water
8. It is important to consult a doctor
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What is Osteoporosis?
• Osteoporosis is a disease which causes the bones to
become thin and porous
• This results in bones being fragile and brittle and
break easily.
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Peak bone mass
• Peak bone mass is reached between
25 -35 years of age
• Achieving this peak bone mass can reduce the risk of
developing osteoporosis later in life
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Risk Factors
• Gender: More common in females
(especially post menopausal
women)
• Diet: A lack of calcium and vitamin D
in the diet
• Hereditary: Family history can increase risk
• Age: Risk increases with age
• Weight: Considerable weight loss may
also cause loss of bone mass
• Lack of exercise: Contributes to weakening
of bones
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Symptoms of osteoporosis
• Fragile, brittle bones
• Fracture of bones, esp. hips
• Neck and back pain
• Loss in height
• Rounded shoulders
• Curved or humped back
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How to reduce risk
• Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D in diet.
These aid calcium absorption.
• Do not smoke and keep alcohol to a limit as these
inhibit calcium absorption
• Exercise regularly
• Balance protein intake- too much or too little can
have an affect on bone density
• Women after menopause can use HRT (hormone
replacement therapy) to help oestrogen loss.
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Advantages of vegetarian Diets• Healthier as it contains less saturated fat, and more
fibre therefore there is less chance of CHD and
bowel disorders.
• Eating more fresh produce means that less additives
are eaten.
• A smaller number of vegetarians get diabetes
• Less likely to suffer from obesity
• The high level of fruit/vegetables means obesity is
less likely.
• Has less sugar
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Planning Vegetarian Diets
• Vegans can use alternative dairy foods e.g. Soya
milk
• Ensure you meet nutritional needs
• Good alternative to meat=TVP
• Each meal should include all food groups
• Try to include Vitamin B through using wholegrain
products e.g. Brown rice
• Aim to include cheese, milk, yoghurt in lacto
vegetarian diets for calcium and protein.
• Replace animal fats with vegetable oils
• Include herbs and spices in dished to add flavour
• Aim to use fortified products for vegans
• Note that vegetable stock cubes can be used in
soups and sauces
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Nutrient Plant Source
HBV
Protein
Soya protein is a good source of HBV protein. Seeds & nuts are
also good sources of vegetable protein
Cobalamin Riboflavin is obtained from wholegrain cereals, leafy green
vegetables, nuts & cereals
Vitamin D Fortified cereals & soya milk provide cobalamin. Supplements
may also be needed
Sunshine is a good source. Foods – fortified margarine,
breakfast cereals
Calcium Fortified soya milk, fortified juices & leafy green vegetables
Iron Dark, leafy green vegetables, wholegrains, prunes & dried fruit
supply non-haem iron
Zinc Wholegrains, nuts & beans are good sources
