Hydrotropes are organic compounds that increase the solubility of a surfactant in a formulation. Traditional hydrotropes, such as sodium cumene sulfonate, bring no additional value to the cleaning process. Multifunctional hydrotropes are cosurfactants that bring additional value to formulations in synergy with the primary surfactant. High performance at low concentration, foam control, tolerance to alkali and electrolytes, minimal impact on the environment and low human and aquatic toxicity are examples of such additional benefits. Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry has a range of readily biodegradable cosurfactants for Household and Industrial & Institutional cleaning applications. The presentation will review AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry’s multifunctional hydrotropes with examples of formulations and their performance.

1. Multifunctional hydrotropes
H3i - Birmingham, 8 March 2016
Dr. Sorel Muresan, Section Manager Cleaning EMEIA

2. • What is a multifunctional hydrotrope?
• Typical hydrotropes in AkzoNobel’s Cleaning portfolio
• Formulations and performance data
• Choosing the right hydrotrope for your application
• Q&A
Outlook
2Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

3. Compounds that increase the solubility of a surfactant in a formulation
Referred to as “multifunctional hydrotropes” or “cosurfactants” when they
provide additional value to formulations in synergy with the primary surfactant
3Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Temperature-induced clouding of
an aqueous solution containing
an alcohol alkoxylate
Reversed by addition of
a hydrotrope
Hydrotropes

4. Cloud point
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Temperature above which an aqueous solution of a water-soluble surfactant becomes
turbid. Cloud points are characteristic of nonionic surfactants.
- usually measured at 1% wt surfactant in water (but also in BDG or in NaCl aq)
- increases with increasing number of EO units
- decreases with increasing lenght of the hydrophobic chain (and branching)
- can be adjusted with hydrotropes (increase) or salts (decrease)
T
4

5. 5% Ethylan 1008
X% Dissolvine GL-47-S
rest Water
5% Ethylan 1008
17% Dissolvine GL-47-S
Y% Ampholak YJH-40
rest Water
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 5
Cloud point and additives

6. Rinse with tap water
4
Measure a clean plate
1
Soil the plate
2
Pour the cleaning formulation
3
Measure after cleaning
5
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 6
Non-mechanical cleaning
Internal AN test method: ”Black box test”

7. Typical hydrotropes in AkzoNobel’s Cleaning portfolio
7Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

8. Cationic (Quat)
Berol R648 NG
Amphoterics
Ampholak YJH-40
Ampholak XCE
Ampholak YCE
Nonionics (Glucosides)
AG 6202
AG 6206
AG 6210
Nonionics (other types)
Berol SurfBoost AD15
Classes of functional hydrotropes
8Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

9. Hydrotropic power cosurfactants vs SXS
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Amount of hydrotrope, wt.%, as is
Cp,℃
Base formulation for cosurfactant hydrotropic efficacy test:
5% Berol 260 + 8% Dissolvine GL-47-S + X% hydrotrope
9

10. Berol R648 NG upgrades the
performance of your formulation
• Excellent solubilization power and compatibility with other
surfactants and cleaning ingredients
• Berol R648 NG is a multi-functional cosurfactant that can be
formulated with a wide range of nonionic and cationic surfactants and
chelating agents
• Cost effective solution
• Berol R648 NG provides best-in-class performance even at low
concentrations
• Wide range of applications
• The unique chemistry of Berol R648 NG enables superior cleaning
performance of your formulations, ranging from household cleaners to
the most demanding industrial degreasers.
10Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

11. Cleaning performance upon dilution
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 11

12. Cleaning tests – I&I formulations
12
Formulation 1
Formulation 2
Formulation 3
Formulation 4
Formulation 1
5.0% Berol 260
6.5% SCS (40%)
5.0% Dissolvine GL-47-S
1.0% Alcoguard 4160
Balance water
Formulation 2
5.0% Berol 260
4.5% Berol R648 NG
5.0% Dissolvine GL-47-S
1.0% Alcoguard 4160
Balance water
Formulation 3
5.0% Berol 260
4.5% Berol R648 NG
5.0% Dissolvine GL-47-S
1.0% Alcoguard 4160
3.0% PnP
Balance water
Formulation 4
4.0% Berol 260
0.5% Ethylan 1005
4.0% Berol R648 NG
5.0% Dissolvine GL-47-S
1.0% Alcoguard 4160
Balance water
Mechanical cleaning
IKW tests using the Sheen scrubber
The unique chemistry of Berol R648 NG enables superior
cleaning performance at low concentrations
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

13. Ampholaks - amphoterics
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Product Description Solid Properties
Ampholak YJH-40 Octyliminodipropionate 40% High conc. formulation
Low foaming
Soluble in 27% NaOH
Ampholak YCE Complex
cocoiminopropionate
30% Corrosion protection
Foam booster
Soluble in 30% NaOH
Ampholak XCE Complex
cocoiminodiglycinate
40% Dispersing properties
Foam booster
Soluble in 20% NaOH
13

14. Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 14
0
40
80
120
160
7% Ampholak YCE 6% Ampholak YJH-40 6% 4% 4%
Cosurfactants foaming
5% Berol 260
X% Hydrotrope to reach a cloud point of 40°C
6% TKPP
4% Metasilicate
rest Water
Foam height (immediately), mm
Temp: 20oC
Conc: 5 g/l
Water hardness: 4odH
7% 6% 6% 4% 4%
Ampholak Ampholak AG 6206 Berol 522 Berol R648 NG
YCE YJH-40

15. Product Description Solid Properties
AG 6202 Octylglucoside 65% Low foaming
Dispersing
Wetting
Soluble in 26% NaOH
AG 6206 Hexylglucoside 75% Low foaming
Dispersing
Soluble in 50% NaOH
AG 6210 C8-C10 alkylglucoside 61% High foaming
Dispersing
Wetting
Soluble in 50% NaOH
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 15
AGs - Alkyl Glucosides

16. Cosurfactants solubility in NaOH solution
0 20 40 60
Ampholak YJH-40
Ampholak YCE
Ampholak XCE
AG 6210
AG 6206
AG 6202
NaOH conc, %
5% product in water
+ X% NaOH
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes 16

17. AkzoNobel’s AG products compared
with a typical APG
17Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
AG 6202 AG 6206 AG 6210
Typical
APG
Active content, % 65 75 61 70
Viscosity at 20oC, cps 265 775 350 4 800
Surface tension, dynes/cm
25oC 0.1%
33 34 27 31
Contact angle 25oC 1%,
after 1 min
36 34 33 33
Foam height, mm
50oC 0.5%
8 0 100 150

18. 18Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Berol SurfBoost AD15
An effective, readily and anaerobically
biodegradable, not classified cosurfactant
Readily biodegradable, OECD 301B
Anaerobically biodegradabale, OECD 311
EC50 at 48h >100mg/l, acute toxicity to daphnia magna, OECD 202
EC50 at 72h >100mg/l, acute toxicity to algae, OECD 201
Water based, without using VOC
Not classified according to GHS/CLP

19. 19
Cleaning tests – Household formulations
Non-mechanical cleaning of ceramic tiles soiled with “kitchen soil”
(20% Lambert soil, 50% corn oil, 30% water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Commercial
product 1
Commercial
product 2
%Soilremoved
Formulation 1
1% Berol 260
2% Berol SurfBoost AD15
0.5% Dissolvine GL-47-S
Balance water
pH ~11
Formulation 2
3% Berol 185
1% Berol SurfBoost AD15
0.5% Citrate
Balance water
pH ~8
Commercial product 1
<5% nonionic surfactants
pH ~11
Commercial product 2
5-15% nonionic surfactants
pH ~11
Formulations 1 and 2 provides better or equal cleaning performance as the two references.
Not
classified
Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes
Not
classified

20. Choosing the right cosurfactant for your application
20Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

21. Choice of multifunctional hydrotrope
High content of
chelating agent
Corrosion protection
Not classified
Good degreasing
21Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

22. Choice of multifunctional hydrotrope
AG 6206
Ampholak YJH-40
Ampholak YCE
Ampholak XCE
Ampholak YCE
Ampholak YJH-40
AG 6206
Ampholak YJH-40
Berol SurfBoost AD15
AG 6202
AG 6206
AG 6210
Berol R648 NG
High content of
chelating agent
Corrosion protection
Not classified
Good degreasing
22Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes

23. Thank you for your attention
Please visit us on stand 211
23Surface Chemistry EMEIA - Cleaning

24. Legal disclaimer
24Surface Chemistry EMEIA | Hydrotropes