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Cell Membrane & Transport Processes
1.
CHAPTER 3 The Cellular
Level of Organization Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th Edition
2.
The purpose of
the chapter is to: 1. Introduce the parts of a cell 2. Discuss the importance of the plasma membrane 3. Discuss the components of the cytoplasm 4. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis 5. Understand the effects aging has on the cell Introduction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
The cell can
be subdivided into 3 parts: 1. Plasma (cell) membrane 2. Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles 1. Nucleus Chromosomes Genes Parts of a Cell Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
Parts of a
Cell Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
The cell can
be subdivided into 3 parts: 1. Plasma (cell) membrane 2. Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles 1. Nucleus Chromosomes Genes Parts of a Cell Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
The plasma membrane
is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell The Plasma Membrane Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
Two types of
membrane proteins are Integral (also called transmembrane) proteins Peripheral proteins Membrane Proteins Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
Membrane proteins can
serve a variety of functions The different proteins help determine many of the functions of the cell membrane Functions of Membrane Proteins Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
Membranes are fluid
structures because most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins move easily in the bilayer Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer Cholesterol serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity Membrane Fluidity Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
Plasma membranes are
selectively permeable The lipid bilayer is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane Macromolecules are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by vesicular transport Membrane Permeability Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
A concentration gradient
is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other An electrical gradient is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other Together, these gradients make up an electrochemical gradient Gradients Across the Plasma Membrane Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
Transport processes that
move substances across the cell membrane are: Passive processes Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active processes Active transport Vesicular transport Transport Across the Plasma Membrane Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
Transport Processes Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactions Animation: Transport Across the Plasma Membrane You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
14.
Passive Processes Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
Diffusion is influenced by: 1.
Steepness of the concentration gradient 2. Temperature 3. Mass of diffusion substance 4. Surface area 5. Diffusion distance Simple Diffusion Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
Transmembrane proteins help
solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer The processes involved are: Channel mediated facilitated diffusion Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
Carrier Mediated Facilitated
Diffusion Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
Diffusion: A Comparison Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
The net movement
of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
Tonicity of a
solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells Tonicity Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
Active Processes Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
Energy derived from
ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient Primary Active Transport Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
Energy stored (in
a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients Secondary Active Transport Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
25.
Active Transport in Vesicles: Receptor- mediated Endocytosis Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
26.
Active Transport in
Vesicles: Phagocytosis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
27.
Active Transport in
Vesicles: Bulk Phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
28.
Exocytosis – membrane-enclosed
secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid Transcytosis – a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side Active Transport in Vesicles: Exocytosis & Transcytosis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
29.
A Comparison of
Transport Types Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
30.
A Comparison of
Transport Types Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
31.
Parts of a
Cell: Cytoplasm Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
32.
Cytosol is also
known as the intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm Organelles are the specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions Cytoplasm Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
33.
Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
34.
Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
35.
Cytoskeleton Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
36.
Centrosome/Centrioles Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
37.
Cilia and Flagella Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
38.
Cilia and Flagella Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
39.
Ribosomes Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
40.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
41.
Golgi Complex Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
42.
Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
43.
Lysosomes Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
44.
Peroxisomes are structures
that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances Peroxisomes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
45.
Proteasomes are barrel-shaped
structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides Proteasomes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
46.
Mitochondria Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
47.
Nucleus Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
48.
The nucleus contains the
cell’s hereditary units, called genes, which are arranged in chromosomes Nucleus Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
49.
Gene Expression Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
50.
Transcription occurs in the
nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis Protein Synthesis: Transcription Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
51.
Translation occurs in
the nucleus and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein Protein Synthesis: Translation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
52.
Protein Synthesis During
Transcription Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
53.
Cell division is
a process by which cells reproduce themselves Cell cycle Cell Division Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
54.
G1 phase S G2 phase Interphase Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
55.
During prophase chromatin
condenses into chromosomes Mitotic Phase: Prophase Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
56.
During metaphase centromeres
of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate Mitotic Phase: Metaphase Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
57.
During anaphase centromeres
of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell Mitotic Phase: Anaphase Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
58.
During telophase the mitotic
spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms Mitotic Phase: Telophase Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
59.
During cytokinesis a cleavage
furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits When this is complete, interphase begins Cytokinesis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
60.
Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
61.
3 possible destinies: 1.
Remain alive and functioning without dividing 2. Grow and divide 3. Die Control of Cell Destiny Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
62.
Reproductive Cell Division:
Meiosis I Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
63.
Reproductive Cell Division:
Meiosis II Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
64.
Cellular Diversity Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
65.
As we age:
Our cells gradually deteriorate in their ability function normally and in their ability to respond to environmental stresses The numbers of our body cells decreases We lose the integrity of the extracellular components of our tissues Free radicals Aging and Cells Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
66.
Copyright 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein. End of Chapter 3 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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