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Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 14th edition [Gerard J Tortora/ Bryan Derrickson]
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13 [chapter 13 the spinal cord and spinal nerves]
1.
CHAPTER 13 The Spinal
Cord and Spinal Nerves Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th Edition
2.
The purpose of
the chapter is to: 1. Identify and describe the anatomical features of the spinal cord and spinal nerves 2. Discuss the functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves and understand how they help maintain homeostasis in the body 3. Understand spinal reflex arcs Introduction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
1. Process reflexes 2.
Integrate EPSPs and IPSPs 3. Conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors Functions of the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
The spinal cord
is protected by: Bone (vertebrae) Connective tissue (meninges) Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) Protection of the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
The meninges are
composed of three layers 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater Meninges Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
The spinal cord begins
as an extension of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum and terminates at the level of L2 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
Internal Anatomy of
the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
Internal Anatomy of
the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
The internal anatomy of
the spinal cord allows sensory and motor information to be processed in an organized way Sensory and Motor Processing Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
Spinal nerves
connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves Anterior and posterior roots attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord Spinal Nerves Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
Connective Tissue Covering
of Spinal Nerves Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
Shortly after passing
through its intervertebral foramen a spinal nerve divides into several branches known as rami Branches of a Spinal Nerve Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
Cervical Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
Brachial Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
Brachial Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
Lumbar Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
Lumbar Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
Sacral Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
Sacral Plexus Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
Certain segments of the
skin is supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain Dermatomes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
How does information
travel in the spinal cord? White matter tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain Gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes Spinal Cord Physiology Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
Sensory and Motor
Tracts Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
A reflex is
a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment Reflexes help maintain homeostasis The spinal cord serves as the integrating center for spinal reflexes Integration takes place in the gray matter of the spinal cord Reflexes and Reflex Arcs Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
Reflexes Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflexes Interactions Animation: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
25.
General Components of
a Reflex Arc Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
26.
Ipsilateral Contralateral
Monosynaptic Polysynaptic Reciprocal innervation Reflex Arcs: Vocabulary Terms Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
27.
Controls muscle length
by causing muscle contraction Stretch Reflex Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
28.
Controls muscle tension
by causing muscle relaxation Tendon Reflex Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
29.
Moves a limb to
avoid injury or pain Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
30.
Maintains balance Crossed-Extensor Reflex Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
31.
Reflexes are often
used for diagnosing disorders of the nervous system and locating injured tissue If a reflex is absent or abnormal, the damage may be somewhere along a particular conduction pathway Clinical Connection Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
32.
Damage that results
from traumatic injuries depends on Degree of spinal cord section or Degree of compression of the segments involved Homeostatic Imbalances Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
33.
Copyright 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein. End of Chapter 13 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Editor's Notes
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