This document discusses several topics related to single mothers and teenage pregnancy. It begins by listing various reasons why women may become single mothers, such as being unmarried, widowed, divorced, or separated. It then discusses the need for counseling support for single mothers to help with parenting plans, emotional stress, and connecting with community resources. The document also notes risks associated with teenage pregnancy such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and increased mortality risks for both mother and infant. Prevention strategies discussed include abstinence, contraceptive use, comprehensive sex education, and addressing social and economic risk factors.

1. MITTAL COLLEGE OF NURSING
AJMER

2. THE SINGLE MOTHER:-
• REASONS FOR SINGLE MOTHERS:-
• UNMARRIED:- several reasons contribute to the women being
unmarried, there may have been an planned pregnancy a decision
was made not to marry the father of the child. Pregnancy could man
the father of the child. There may have been an unplanned
pregnancy and a decision was made not to be terminate the
pregnancy .a patient just may desire a child the commitment of a
marriage.
• Widowed:- The focus is on loss immediate kin – spouse, child,
parent and sibling in addition for a widow who did not work outside
the home a husband absence leave no subject.
• DIVORCED:- there may be have been a planned pregnancy in an effort
to save the marriage and it did not work. It may have been totally
unplanned and the patient decided to continue with the divorce and
the pregnancy.

3. SEPARATION:- the father may be in
imprisoned may be on military duty, or just
separated from the mother.
• SURROGATE MOTHER:- a women who carries the
fetus of the infertile woman’s husband and than
relinquishes the child to couple for rearing. This is
usually done for couple that have difficulty with
delivering a viable fetus.

4. Counseling
Most single patient need counseling regardless
of there age. This counseling is done to .
1. Aid her to may realistic plans for her child
future.
2. Provide assistance to help her cop with
emotional stress especially during labor. If at
all possible, have the patient find a friend to
go thought labor with her.

5. 3. Provide sources of counseling to include
whether to have an abortion, keep the
child, put the child up for adoption.
4. Inform her of community agencies that may
help her financially with child care and other
responsibilities .
5. Provide mechanisms to help her cop with
loneliness .

6. PREGNANT TEENAGER- MARRIED AND
UNMARRIED
• The teenager is still growing . She needs a
specialized nutritional nursing care plan . The diet
should be adjusted to what and where she
normally eats .
• There is a high mortality and morbidity for
mother under 20 years of age and there infants.
Because of the lack of prenatal care, she may try
to hide the pregnancy .
• The teenager lacks compliance with instructions
and lack of physical and psychological maturity.

7. About 16 million girls aged 15-19 years
give birth annually. 90% of them are in
developing countries
The characteristics of young mothers
are common across the regions of
the world:
-Little education,
-Rural dwelling,
-Low income

8. Babies born to adolescent mothers
face higher risks
• Adolescents are at an increased risk for pre-term
labour & delivery, compared to older women.
• Babies born to adolescent mothers are more likely
to be of low birth weight.
• Babies born to adolescent mothers are at an
increased risk of prenatal & infant mortality.

9. Potential risks to the adolescent
mother's life prospects
• On the other hand, an
unmarried pregnant
adolescent may be
driven away by her
family, or abandoned
by her partner & be
left with no means of
support.

10. UNWED MOTHER
• Unmarried mothers are of concern to people in very
many societies partly because their behavior
threatens the almost universal norm of bearing
children only within a marital relationship and also
because they pose a complex problem for the
medical and social services. Despite this concern
and the fact that many agencies, both social and
medical, cater for their needs, little of what is
known about unmarried mothers.

11. FACTOR INFLUENCING THE ROLE OF THE
UNWED FATHER
A. ECONOMIC- Can he support a child.
• Does he have a job?
• Is he married with another family to support?
• What is the age of the father?
• If a teenager, is he still in school?
B. SOCIAL IMPLICATION – these implication indicate
the reaction of the news by his peers. Will the
pregnancy force and early marriage?
• If married to someone else how will this affect that
relationship.

12. C. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE
• May question whether he is the father .
• May experience a sense of loss of grief if he
cannot be involved with the child. In some states,
adoption without consent may be allowed.
• May experience anger form the girl, her of his
parents.
• May affect his relationship with another female.

13. Factor the parents of the unwed mother
and father
The parents of the unwed mother and father are also
important. they may be concerned with the following
reactions/emotions.
• Rejection or neglect from family or friends.
• May feel exposed the judgmental attitudes of medical
and nursing personnel over how they could have let
this happen.
• May feel guilty for what happened, may face financial
burden specially if they decide to keep or adopt the
child.
• May face a permanent loss of a grandchild if the child is
given up for adoption may face loss of relationship with
there child as a result of the decision made.

14. Domestic Violence
• Domestic violence is serious social problems, as its
negative impact on both victim and members of
her/his family, especially on children
• Studies have show the effects not only have
immediately impacts but also have long- term
effects. E.g. Abuse as a risk factor for sleep
problems in adulthood

15. Domestic Violence during Pregnancy
• Studies found that about 4-8% of pregnant women
experience some form(s) of IPV (including physical,
psychological and sexual abuse), ranged from 1 to
20%
• Based on Fragile Families data:
–Physical abuse: 6%
–Psychological abuse: 29%

16. Effects of Domestic Violence
• Studies have shown physical violence has negative
effects on maternal mental health and parenting
skills (e.g. unable to provide warmth and engage
with children)
• How about psychological abuse and economic
abuse?

17. Violence During Pregnancy
• Overall Child health: both physical and emotional
abuse were significant and negative predictors
• Child temperament: emotional abuse significantly
affected child temperament, while physical abuse
has no effects
• Emotional and psychological abuse is important
factor of well-being

18. RISK FACTOR
Thorough risk factor vary, some characteristics
seems to increase the likelihood of violence.
A. Individual:-
• A personal attributes associated with higher risk
of violence include limited education, a young
age, lower economic status, a history of abuse
and substance use, and for partner violence
negative attitude about women .

19. B. Family and relationship:-
• Within families, risk of violence increases with
marital conflicts, male dominance, economic stress
and poor family functioning.
C. Community:-
• Within communities, the risk of higher there is gender
inequality, and lack of community resources.
D. societal :-
• on a broader level , higher risk is found in societies with
traditional gender norms or a lack of autonomy for
women , and where there are restrictive laws on
divorce and ownership and inheritance of property , or
when there is social break down due to conflicts or
disasters.

20. PHYSICAL EFFECT OF VIOLENCE DURING
PREGNANCY:-
• Insufficient weight gain
• Vaginal/cervical/kidney infection
• Vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal tenderness
• Hemorrhage
• Complication during labour
• Delayed prenatal care
• Miscarriage
• Low birth weight
• Rupture membranes
• Abruption placenta
• Uterine infection
• Death

21. HEALTH EFFECT BY VIOLENCE
• INJURY- Physical and sexual abuse by partner associate
with injury
• DEATH:- Killed by family, suicide etc.
• SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH:- The violence
against women is associate with sexually transmitted
infection. Like Hiv-aids
• RISKY BEHAVIOUR:- Sexual abuse as a child is associate
with higher rate of sexual risk taking (such as first sex at
early age, multiple partners and unprotected sex).
• MENTAL HEALTH:- Violence and abuse increase risk of
depression, post traumatic stress disorder, sleep
difficulties eating disorders and emotional distress.

22. PREVENTION
• Improve educational status of the women and girls.
• Increase the opportunities for the girls or women .
• Provide sexual education at the early age to the
girls
• Improving their self esteem and negotiating skills
• Reducing gender inequality
• Aware the girls and women about there rights and
power
• Encourage women to fight against violent activities.

23. TEENAGE PREGNANCY
• Teen Pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl within
the years of 13 - 19 becoming pregnant ● Teen
Pregnancy Prevention is important to the health
and quality of life for youth ● Engaging in sexual risk
behaviors such as having sex at an early age, having
more than one sex partner, and not using condoms
or contraceptives can lead to unintended
pregnancy, STD’s, and HIV infection

24. Prevention
• Abstinence
• Protected sex (condom use, birth control, IUD,
etc.)
• Talking to teens about outcomes and risk factors of
pregnancy
• Comprehensive sex education.

25. Risk Factors
• Low birth weight
● Premature birth
● Pregnancy induced high blood pressure (preeclampsia)
● Higher rate of infant death
● 38% of teen girls who have a child before 18 get a high
school diploma by age 22
● 30% of teen girls who have dropped out of high school
say pregnancy is a reason
● 67% of teen mothers who moved out of their families’
house live below the poverty level
● Children born to teen mother score significantly worse
on math & reading tests

26. Signs & symptoms
• It depends on how far along in the pregnancy:
• Missing a period ○ Nausea and vomiting ○ Breast
changes (tenderness, enlargement) Urinating more
often ○ Baby movement
• If you are experiencing symptoms, call your
healthcare provider. ○ Write down a list of
questions and do not be afraid to ask!

27. DIAGNOSIS
• Pregnancy urine tests ○ Detects if human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG) is present to indicate
pregnancy ○ Home pregnancy tests are more than
97% accurate ○ Always best to do with the first
urination in the morning ○ If unsure, retest again!
• Blood tests ○ Also detects if human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG) ○ More expensive and used
only for early diagnosis

28. THANK YOU