Pharmaceutical related

1. UNIT 2 &3
TPFC

2. Penicillin
• It is a group of antibiotic which includes penicillin
G(intramuscular use ) Penicillin V( by mouth), Procaine
penicillin , an benzathine penicillin(intramuscular use ).
• Penicillin antibiotic were among the first medications to be
effective against many bacterial infections caused by
staphylococci and streptococci)
• They are still widely used today though many types of
bacteria have developed resistance following extensive
use
• Penicillin was discovered by Scottish scientist –Alexander
Fleming
• It has anti bacterial activity

3. • Side effects
• Adverse drug reactions diarrhea nausea, rash, fever ,
vomiting
• Penicillin to treat in 1992 these includes
antystephylococcal penicillin's they are derived from
genicillin fungi
• Penicillin core structure where R is the variable group

4. Properties
• Saturated aqueous solution
• Solubility in water
• Melting point : 214 -217 0C
• Color : Amorphous white powder
• Physical description : Solid
• Manufacturing
• Penicillin mold naturally produces antibiotic penicillin
• Scientists learned to grow penicillin mold in deep
fermentation only by adding a kind of sugars and other
ingredients
• This process increases growth of penicillin

5. • Then scientist separated the penicillin product from the
mold
• Finally, penicillin is purified for use of an antibiotic
medicine.
• Group of antibiotics produced by the penicillin fungi
• It is a group of closely related compounds not a single
compound
• Ex : Amoxillin , Ampicillin ,Phenoxymethyl penicillin

6. Penicillin Manufacture
• Fermentation Process
• It must be done in a fed-batch mode as glucose must not
be added in high amounts are the beginning of growth
• Penicillin mold requires temp at 20-24 0C pH 6.5
• Pressure in the bioreactor much higher than the
atmospheric pressure (1.02 atm)
• It prevents contamination foam occurring as it prevents
external contamination from entering.
• It is necessary to mix the culture evenly transfer the
culture medium fungal cells are able to handle rotation
speed of a range of around 200 rpm

7. Procaine hydrochloride
• Chemical Formula : C3H20N2O2 , HCl
• MWT :272.8
• 2 (diethyl amino ) ethyl 4-amino benzoatehydrochloride

8. • It contains not less than 99% and more than 101% of
C3H20N2O2 , HCl
• Category :local anesthetic (it is drug to prevent pain
during surgery )
• Dose: To be adjusted according to site of operation and
response of the patient
• Description: colorless crystals or a white , crystalline
powder, odorless

9. • Identification
• Determine by infra red absorption spectrophotometry
• To about 5mg add 0.5 ml of fuming nitric acid evaporate to
drying on a water bath, cool dissolve the residue in 5ml of
acetone and add 1ml 0.1M ethanolic potassium hydroxide
only a brownish red color developes
• TCA : Appearance of solution a 5% W/V solution in CO2
free water is clear and color less
• pH 5 to 6.5 determined in a 2% w/v solution
• Heavy metal : 2g complies with the limit for heavy metals

10. • Sulphated ash: Not more than 0.1%
• Loss on drying : Not more than 0.5% , determined on 1.0g
by drying in an oven at 1050.
• Chromtaogram test :
• Test solution : a 10% w/v soln of the substance under
exams in water.
• Refer solution: A 0.005 5 w/v solution 4- aminobenzoic
acid in water.
• Apply the flame 5 ml of each soln. After the development
dry the flame at 1050 for 10 minutes and examine in
ultravoilet at 254 nm. The test solution spot is not more
intense than the reference solutions point

12. • Use: to reduce the intramuscular injection of pencillin ,
and it is also used in dental .
• It is also called novocain
• Properties : MP : 155-156 0C
• BP: 195-196 0C
• color : white

28. Riboflavin
• It is a vitamin B2 which is found in food used as a dilatory
supplement
• As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat riboflovin
deficiency prevent migranes
• It may be given by mouth or injection
• It is required by body for cellular respiration
• Food sourcing include eggs , green vegetables milk and
meet

29. Side effects
• There is no evidence for riboflavin toxicity produced by
excessive intakes , in part because it has lower water
solubility then others B vitamins because absorption
becomes less efficient increase , excess absorption of
medicine is excreted via kidneys in to urine.
• Function
• It acts as a coenzyme , that it is required for
enzymes(Protiens) and coenzymes are formed to
perform normal physiological actions
• Mono nucleotide flavin adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

30. • Deficiency of riboflavin causes painful red tongue with
sore throat , chapped lips , inflammation of corners of
mouth , there can be oily Sealy skin , rashes on the
scrotum of the lips
• Eyes can be itchy watery blood shot and sensitive to light
• Treatment
• A diet which includes an adequate amount of riboflavin
containing foods
•

31. • Florescence the property of absorbance of light of short
wave length and emitting light of longer wavelength such
as X –Rays and Ultraviolet .
• Dosage :0.3 mg per day
• Industrial synthesis
• Various biotechnological processes have been
developed using different micro organisms
• Includes ashbya gossypil , candida fameta ,candida
flavera fungus cayanebacterium , ammonia genes
• Bacillus subtitis