SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 16
Download to read offline
Production of penicillin
Learning objective:
• To be able to identify useful products from
microorganisms
• To be able to identify the microorganisms
used and the main stages in the production
of penicillin.
• To be able to describe how Downstream
processing is carried out to extract and
purify the end-product of fermentation.
Downstream Processing
• Products in a fermenter are impure and
dilute, so need to be purified by downstream
processing.
• This usually involves filtration to separate
the microbial cells from the liquid medium,
followed by chemical purification and
concentration of the product
• Downstream processing can account for 50%
of the cost of a process.
• Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents
produced naturally by other microbes
(usually fungi or bacteria).
• The first antibiotic was discovered in
1896 by Ernest Duchesne and
"rediscovered" byAlexander Flemming
in 1928 from the filamentous fungus
Penicilium notatum.
• The antibiotic substance, named
penicillin, was not purified until the
1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in
time to be used at the end of the
second world war.
• Penicillin was the first important
commercial product produced by an
aerobic, submerged fermentation
• When penicillin was first made at the
end of the second world war using the
fungus Penicilium notatum, the
process made 1 mg dm-3.
• Today, using a different species (P.
chrysogenum) and a better extraction
procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3.
• There is a constant search to improve
the yield.
• Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by
targeting such features as the bacterial
cell wall, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes
that are specific to bacteria.
• In this way the human eukaryotic cells
are unaffected.
For example:
• penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin,
methicillin
• Inhibits enzymes involved in synthesis
of peptidoglycan for bacterial cell wall,
causing cell lysis.
• Bacteriocidal
• Narrow spectrum- little effect on Gram
negative cells.
Other antibiotics MO may affect:
• Cell membrane
• DNA replication
• Transcription
• Translation
Antibiotic production
• There are over 10 000 different antibiotics
known, but only about 200 in commercial
• use, since most new antibiotics are no better
than existing ones.
• There is a constant search for new
antibiotics. Antibiotics are the most-
prescribed drugs and are big business.
• Finding a new antibiotic and getting it on to
the market is a very long process and can
take 15 years.
Antibiotic Production Methods
• Antibiotics are produced on an industrial scale
using a variety of fungi and bacteria.
• Penicillin is produced by the fungus Penicillium
chrysogenum which requires lactose, other
sugars, and a source of nitrogen (in this case a
yeast extract) in the medium to grow well.
• Like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary
metabolite, so is only produced in the
stationary phase.
• What sort of fermenter does it require?
• It requires a batch fermenter, and a fed batch
process is normally used to prolong the
stationary period and so increase production.
Production_of_penicillin.ppt
• Downstream processing is relatively
easy since penicillin is secreted into
the medium (to kill other cells), so there
is no need to break open the fungal
cells.
• However, the product needs to be very
pure, since it being used as a
therapeutic medical drug, so it is
dissolved and then precipitated as a
potassium salt to separate it from other
substances in the medium.
Production_of_penicillin.ppt
Production_of_penicillin.ppt
• The resulting penicillin (called penicillin
G) can be chemically and enzymatically
modified to make a variety of penicillins
with slightly different properties.
• These semi-synthetic penicillins
include penicillin V, penicillin O,
ampicillin and amoxycillin.
1. What is the Carbon source?
2. What is the nitrogen source?
3. What is the energy source?
4. Is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
5. What is the optimum temperature?
6. Is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite?
7. What volume fermenter is used?
8. Why isn't a larger fermenter used?
9. When is penicillin produced?
10.How long can it be produced for?
11.What was the first fungus known to produce penicillin?
12.What species produces about 60mg/dm3 of penicillin?
13.How did scientists improve the yield still further?
14.What is the substrate?
15.Why is batch culture used?
16.What are the processes involved in down-stream processing?
a)
b)
c)
17.Why can't penicillin be taken orally?
18.Name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally.
19.How does Penicillin kill bacteria?
20.Why are Gram negative bacteria not killed by penicillin?
lactose
yeast
glucose
aerobic
25 - 27ºC
secondary
40 – 200 dm3
To difficult to aerate
40 hours – after main increase in fungal mass
140 hours (180 – 40 hours)
Penicillin notatum
Penicillin chrysogenum
Genetic modification
Corn steep liquor
Secondary metabolite
Filtration of liquid
Extraction from filtrate by counter current of butylacetate
Precipitation by potassium salts
Destroyed by stomach acid
Penicillin V, ampicillin
Stops production of cell wall
Different cell wall

More Related Content

Similar to Production_of_penicillin.ppt

Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenumPenicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenumChristabelle Cécile
 
Penicillin Production
Penicillin ProductionPenicillin Production
Penicillin ProductionHuda Nazeer
 
Industrial production of antibiotics
Industrial production of antibioticsIndustrial production of antibiotics
Industrial production of antibioticsayushigupta459
 
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).Walid Hashmi
 
Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin fermentation[1]Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin fermentation[1]Akshitakapadia
 
first lecture natural antibiotics.ppt
first lecture natural antibiotics.pptfirst lecture natural antibiotics.ppt
first lecture natural antibiotics.pptDrmahmoudAhmedabdeen1
 
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptx
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptxIndustrial applications of microorganisms.pptx
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptxTamnnakumari
 
production of penicillin
production of penicillinproduction of penicillin
production of penicillinKifayat Ullah
 
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptx
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptxTOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptx
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptxazizanhanny1
 
Industrial microbiology presentation ppt
Industrial microbiology presentation pptIndustrial microbiology presentation ppt
Industrial microbiology presentation pptGedefawwubie
 
secondary metabolites
secondary metabolitessecondary metabolites
secondary metabolitesSHADMAAFZAL
 
Production of penicillin and citric acid
Production of penicillin and citric acidProduction of penicillin and citric acid
Production of penicillin and citric acidvijaysrampur
 
Production of-antibiotic ppt
Production of-antibiotic pptProduction of-antibiotic ppt
Production of-antibiotic pptIbad khan
 
1production of-antibiotic-181225165848
1production of-antibiotic-1812251658481production of-antibiotic-181225165848
1production of-antibiotic-181225165848farahcantiq
 
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptxalizain9604
 

Similar to Production_of_penicillin.ppt (20)

Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenumPenicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin prodtn using penicillium chrysogenum
 
Production of Antibiotics
Production of AntibioticsProduction of Antibiotics
Production of Antibiotics
 
Ampicillin Production
Ampicillin ProductionAmpicillin Production
Ampicillin Production
 
Penicillin
PenicillinPenicillin
Penicillin
 
Penicillin Production
Penicillin ProductionPenicillin Production
Penicillin Production
 
Industrial production of antibiotics
Industrial production of antibioticsIndustrial production of antibiotics
Industrial production of antibiotics
 
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).
Penicillin Fermentation Process (Industrial production of Penicillin).
 
Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin fermentation[1]Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin fermentation[1]
 
Basics on Penicilin production
Basics on Penicilin productionBasics on Penicilin production
Basics on Penicilin production
 
first lecture natural antibiotics.ppt
first lecture natural antibiotics.pptfirst lecture natural antibiotics.ppt
first lecture natural antibiotics.ppt
 
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptx
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptxIndustrial applications of microorganisms.pptx
Industrial applications of microorganisms.pptx
 
production of penicillin
production of penicillinproduction of penicillin
production of penicillin
 
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptx
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptxTOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptx
TOPIC-5-SEMINAR-latest.pptx
 
Industrial microbiology presentation ppt
Industrial microbiology presentation pptIndustrial microbiology presentation ppt
Industrial microbiology presentation ppt
 
secondary metabolites
secondary metabolitessecondary metabolites
secondary metabolites
 
Production of penicillin and citric acid
Production of penicillin and citric acidProduction of penicillin and citric acid
Production of penicillin and citric acid
 
Production of-antibiotic ppt
Production of-antibiotic pptProduction of-antibiotic ppt
Production of-antibiotic ppt
 
1production of-antibiotic-181225165848
1production of-antibiotic-1812251658481production of-antibiotic-181225165848
1production of-antibiotic-181225165848
 
case study on penicillin.pptx
case study on penicillin.pptxcase study on penicillin.pptx
case study on penicillin.pptx
 
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx
1production-of-antibiotic-181225165848.pptx
 

More from GounderKirthika2

Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdf
Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdfMolecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdf
Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdf
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdfBiofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdf
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdf
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdfsickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdf
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptxGounderKirthika2
 
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).ppt
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).pptLecture 1- History and Introduction (1).ppt
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).pptGounderKirthika2
 
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdf
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdfUnit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdf
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdfGounderKirthika2
 
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.ppt
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.pptMLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.ppt
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.pptGounderKirthika2
 
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdf
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdfDNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdf
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdfGounderKirthika2
 

More from GounderKirthika2 (20)

Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdf
Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdfMolecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdf
Molecular_Diagnostics_using_PCR_-_612_Meet_Hindocha.pdf
 
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf
658659600_presentation_-_660Fenal_Shukla.pdf
 
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdf
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdfBiofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdf
Biofilm_growth_structure_function_ppt.pdf
 
3UnitGeneMapping.pptx
3UnitGeneMapping.pptx3UnitGeneMapping.pptx
3UnitGeneMapping.pptx
 
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdf
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdfsickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdf
sickle_cell_anemia_presentation-2-converted_-_pulkit_leuva.pdf
 
chapt03_lecture.ppt
chapt03_lecture.pptchapt03_lecture.ppt
chapt03_lecture.ppt
 
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf
01-CellBio-Microscopy-HVD.pdf
 
Seminar 020922.pptx
Seminar 020922.pptxSeminar 020922.pptx
Seminar 020922.pptx
 
09abt15-170610060727.pdf
09abt15-170610060727.pdf09abt15-170610060727.pdf
09abt15-170610060727.pdf
 
Seminar 29082022.pptx
Seminar 29082022.pptxSeminar 29082022.pptx
Seminar 29082022.pptx
 
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx
2UnitGenomeOrganization.pptx
 
Translation.pptx
Translation.pptxTranslation.pptx
Translation.pptx
 
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS.pptx
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS.pptxPEDIGREE ANALYSIS.pptx
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS.pptx
 
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).ppt
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).pptLecture 1- History and Introduction (1).ppt
Lecture 1- History and Introduction (1).ppt
 
epigenetics.pptx
epigenetics.pptxepigenetics.pptx
epigenetics.pptx
 
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdf
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdfUnit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdf
Unit 2 BAT Chromatography.pdf
 
dna_replication.pptx
dna_replication.pptxdna_replication.pptx
dna_replication.pptx
 
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.ppt
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.pptMLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.ppt
MLSC 417 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.ppt
 
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdf
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdfDNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdf
DNA Damage Repair mechanisms.pdf
 
Lecture_13.pdf
Lecture_13.pdfLecture_13.pdf
Lecture_13.pdf
 

Recently uploaded

How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 

Production_of_penicillin.ppt

  • 1. Production of penicillin Learning objective: • To be able to identify useful products from microorganisms • To be able to identify the microorganisms used and the main stages in the production of penicillin. • To be able to describe how Downstream processing is carried out to extract and purify the end-product of fermentation.
  • 2. Downstream Processing • Products in a fermenter are impure and dilute, so need to be purified by downstream processing. • This usually involves filtration to separate the microbial cells from the liquid medium, followed by chemical purification and concentration of the product • Downstream processing can account for 50% of the cost of a process.
  • 3. • Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria). • The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and "rediscovered" byAlexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
  • 4. • The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war. • Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
  • 5. • When penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus Penicilium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm-3. • Today, using a different species (P. chrysogenum) and a better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3. • There is a constant search to improve the yield.
  • 6. • Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by targeting such features as the bacterial cell wall, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes that are specific to bacteria. • In this way the human eukaryotic cells are unaffected.
  • 7. For example: • penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, methicillin • Inhibits enzymes involved in synthesis of peptidoglycan for bacterial cell wall, causing cell lysis. • Bacteriocidal • Narrow spectrum- little effect on Gram negative cells.
  • 8. Other antibiotics MO may affect: • Cell membrane • DNA replication • Transcription • Translation
  • 9. Antibiotic production • There are over 10 000 different antibiotics known, but only about 200 in commercial • use, since most new antibiotics are no better than existing ones. • There is a constant search for new antibiotics. Antibiotics are the most- prescribed drugs and are big business. • Finding a new antibiotic and getting it on to the market is a very long process and can take 15 years.
  • 10. Antibiotic Production Methods • Antibiotics are produced on an industrial scale using a variety of fungi and bacteria. • Penicillin is produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum which requires lactose, other sugars, and a source of nitrogen (in this case a yeast extract) in the medium to grow well. • Like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary metabolite, so is only produced in the stationary phase. • What sort of fermenter does it require? • It requires a batch fermenter, and a fed batch process is normally used to prolong the stationary period and so increase production.
  • 12. • Downstream processing is relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium (to kill other cells), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. • However, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt to separate it from other substances in the medium.
  • 15. • The resulting penicillin (called penicillin G) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penicillins with slightly different properties. • These semi-synthetic penicillins include penicillin V, penicillin O, ampicillin and amoxycillin.
  • 16. 1. What is the Carbon source? 2. What is the nitrogen source? 3. What is the energy source? 4. Is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? 5. What is the optimum temperature? 6. Is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite? 7. What volume fermenter is used? 8. Why isn't a larger fermenter used? 9. When is penicillin produced? 10.How long can it be produced for? 11.What was the first fungus known to produce penicillin? 12.What species produces about 60mg/dm3 of penicillin? 13.How did scientists improve the yield still further? 14.What is the substrate? 15.Why is batch culture used? 16.What are the processes involved in down-stream processing? a) b) c) 17.Why can't penicillin be taken orally? 18.Name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally. 19.How does Penicillin kill bacteria? 20.Why are Gram negative bacteria not killed by penicillin? lactose yeast glucose aerobic 25 - 27ºC secondary 40 – 200 dm3 To difficult to aerate 40 hours – after main increase in fungal mass 140 hours (180 – 40 hours) Penicillin notatum Penicillin chrysogenum Genetic modification Corn steep liquor Secondary metabolite Filtration of liquid Extraction from filtrate by counter current of butylacetate Precipitation by potassium salts Destroyed by stomach acid Penicillin V, ampicillin Stops production of cell wall Different cell wall