2. The term economic reform broadly indicates
necessary structural adjustments to external
events. It include the function of country’s
spending to the level parallel to its income
and thereby reducing fiscal deficits.
This requires gradual reduction in import and
increase in export. These adjustments also
requires market change in order to make
economy flexible.
3. The present process of economic reforms was
born out of the crisis in the economy, which
climaxed in 1991. The crisis compelled the
government to adopt a new path-breaking
economic policy under which a series of
economic reform measures were initiated
with the objective to deal with the crisis and
to take the economy on a high-growth path.
4. Increase in Fiscal Deficit
Increase in adverse balance of Payment
Gulf Crisis
Fall in foreign Exchange Reserve
Rise in Prices
Poor Performance of Public Sector
5. The top and immediate priority of the
government was to stabilize the economy,
bring the growth of the economy to its
normal track and to win back confidence of
masses in the country and the international
financial community.
The crisis management measures focussed
largely on fiscal correction, industrial
decontrol and balance of payments.
7. It means to free the economy from direct or
physical controls imposed by the
government. Prior 1991, government had
imposed several types of controls on Indian
economy e.g. industrial licensing system,
price control or financial control on goods,
import license, foreign exchange control,
restriction on investment by big business
houses, etc. These controls leads to fall in
economy growth. Economic reforms were
based on the assumption that market
forces could guide the economy in a more
effective manner than government control.
8. Abolition of industrial licensing and
Registration : According to new industrial
policy , with the exception of 6 sectors,
industrial licensing has been removed.
Concession from MRTP Act
Freedom from Expansion and Production to
Industries
Increase in the Investment Limit of the Small
Industries: It has been raised to Rs 1crore &
Investment limit has been raised to Rs 25
lakh.
9. Freedom to import capital goods
Freedom to import technology
Action plan for information Technology and
software development.
10. Privatisation means allowing the private
sector to set up more and more of industries
that were previously reserved for public
sector.
It can take in three in forms:
a. Change in ownership: Degree of
privatisation judged by the extent of
ownership transferred from public to
private sector. This can have four forms:
i) Total Nationalisation
ii) Joint Venture
11. iii) Liquidation
IV) Workers Co-operative
b. Organizational Measures: It includes variety
of measures to limit state control.
i) A holding Company Structure
ii) Leasing
c. Operational Measures: Autonomy to the
operators of the enterprise.
12. To increase efficiency & competitive power
of the enterprises
To strengthen industrial management.
To earn more & more Foreign currency.
To make optimum use of resources
To achieve rapid industrial development of
the country.
13. Reduction in economic burden
Increase in efficiency
Reduction in sense of irresponsibility
Scientific Management
Reduction in Political Interference
Encouragement of new Inventions
14. Lack of social welfare
Class struggle
Increase in inequality
Increase in unemployment
Exploitation of weaker section
15. Contraction of Public sector
Disinvestment
Sale of shares of public enterprises
Increase in private sector
Conversion of loans into shares is not
necessary
Sick industries
Memorandum of understanding
16. Public sector in India includes all activities or
institutions funded out of the government’s
budget whether at centre or states. Public
sector includes the following:
Govt. Dept. & Govt. Companies
Irrigation & power projects
Railways, post & telegraphs
Banking, insurance, financial and other
services
17. Conflict between the financial and social
objectives
Problem of losses or low rate of return on
investment
Lack of professionalism in management
Time & cost overruns in new projects
Underutilization of capacity
Operational inefficiency
18. PSU Refocussing
Memorandum-of-Understanding (MOU)
System of PSE
Financial & operational autonomy
Restructuring of sick units
Privatisation through disinvestment
Protection of PSU workers’ Interest
19. The disinvestment programme towards
greater privatization of the economy was
launched in the year 1991-1992 with the
announcement of the new industrial policy in
August 1991 and is an ongoing process even
today. It involves sale of minority stake in a
few PSU, strategic sales, initial public
offering and rights offer. Between August
1991 and March 2003, in all 48 companies
underwent the disinvestment process.
20. Valuation of public sector unit
Method of disinvestment
The extent of disinvestment
Issues concerning labour
21. It is defined as a process associated with
increasing openness, growing economic
independence and Deeping economic
integration in the world economy.
Reduction of trade barriers
Free flow of capital
Free flow of technology
Free movement of technology
22. Stage I: Domestic company exports to foreign
countries through the dealers or distributors of home
country.
Stage II: The domestic company exports to foreign
countries directly on its own.
Stage III: The domestic company becomes an
international company by establishing production and
marketing operations in various key foreign countries.
Stage IV: The company replicates a foreign company in
the foreign country by having all the facilities including
R&D, full fledged human resources, etc.
Stage V: The company becomes a true foreign
company by serving the needs of foreign customers just
like the host country’s company serves.
23. Globalisation of markets
Globalisation of Production
Globalisation of Technology
Globalisation of Investment
24. Reduction of import duties
Encouragement of foreign
investment
Reducing custom duty
Devaluation of currency
Partial convertibility
