3

1. BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
AND
BASIC GENETICS

2. BASIC BIOLOGICALBASIC BIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTSCONCEPTS

3. CELLCELL
 A cell is a smallest unit that isA cell is a smallest unit that is
capable of performing life functioncapable of performing life function

4. Cell TheoryCell Theory
 All living things are made up of cellAll living things are made up of cell
 Cells are the smallest working units of allCells are the smallest working units of all
living things.living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cellsAll cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.through cell division.

6. TYPES OF CELLSTYPES OF CELLS
(1)(1) Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
(2)(2) Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell

7. CHARACTERSTICSCHARACTERSTICS
OFOF PROKARYOTICPROKARYOTIC
CELLCELL
 1.Do not have structures surrounded by1.Do not have structures surrounded by
membranes.membranes.
 2.Few internal structures.2.Few internal structures.
 3. One –celled organism , Bacteria3. One –celled organism , Bacteria

8. CHARACTERSTICS OFCHARACTERSTICS OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLEUKARYOTIC CELL
 Contain organelles surrounded byContain organelles surrounded by
membranes.membranes.
 Most living organisms.Most living organisms.
IT IS OF TWO TYPES:IT IS OF TWO TYPES:
(1)(1) Animal cellAnimal cell
(2)(2) Plant cellPlant cell

11. DIFFERENTDIFFERENT
ORGANELLES OFORGANELLES OF
ANIMAL CELLANIMAL CELL
 Ribosome'sRibosome's
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
 LysosomesLysosomes
 MitochondriaMitochondria
 CytoplasmCytoplasm
 NucleusNucleus
 Cell MembraneCell Membrane

12. BACTERIABACTERIA
 Simple structureSimple structure
 Lacks membrane – bound nucleusLacks membrane – bound nucleus
 Enormous range of metabolic activitiesEnormous range of metabolic activities
 Few bacteria causes diseaseFew bacteria causes disease
 Usually they contain peptidoglycanUsually they contain peptidoglycan
 Gives shape & mechanical strength toGives shape & mechanical strength to
the cellthe cell

13. CLASSIFICATION ONCLASSIFICATION ON
THE BASIS OFTHE BASIS OF
STAININGSTAINING
Bacteria can be divided into two groups onBacteria can be divided into two groups on
the basis of gram staining.the basis of gram staining.
 Gram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria
 Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria

14. SHAPESSHAPES
 Round shape (cocci)Round shape (cocci)
 Rod shape (bacilli)Rod shape (bacilli)
 Spiral shape (Spring like)Spiral shape (Spring like)

15. BACTERIAL DISEASEBACTERIAL DISEASE
 DiptheriaDiptheria
 TuberculosisTuberculosis
 Whooping coughWhooping cough
 TetanusTetanus
 CholeraCholera
 Typhoid feverTyphoid fever
 Bacterial DysentryBacterial Dysentry

16. VIRUSVIRUS
 Sub-microscopic infectious agentSub-microscopic infectious agent
 Unable to grow or reproduce outside aUnable to grow or reproduce outside a
host cellhost cell
 Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)

17. VIRAL DISEASESVIRAL DISEASES
 InfluenzaInfluenza
 Common coldCommon cold
 Small poxSmall pox
 MumpsMumps
 MeaslesMeasles
 German measlesGerman measles
 PoliovirusPoliovirus
 Yellow feverYellow fever

18. FUNGIFUNGI
 Eukaryotic organismEukaryotic organism
 Heterotrophic organisms possessing aHeterotrophic organisms possessing a
chitinous cell wallchitinous cell wall
 Some fungal species grow as single cellSome fungal species grow as single cell
 Examples: yeasts, molds, mushroomsExamples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms
 Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reedSymptoms: fluffy white patches, reed
inflamed skin under patch, severeinflamed skin under patch, severe
irritationirritation

19. DISEASE CAUSED BYDISEASE CAUSED BY
FUNGIFUNGI
 Athlete's footAthlete's foot
 Head ringwormHead ringworm
 CandidiasisCandidiasis

20. PROTOZOAPROTOZOA
 One –celled animalsOne –celled animals
 Smallest of all animalsSmallest of all animals
 Most of them can only be seen under aMost of them can only be seen under a
microscopemicroscope
 They do breathe, move, reproduce likeThey do breathe, move, reproduce like
multi celled animalsmulti celled animals

21.  Live in water where it is dampLive in water where it is damp
 Example: paramecium, euglena, amoebaExample: paramecium, euglena, amoeba
 Some are harmful to man ,cause seriousSome are harmful to man ,cause serious
diseasesdiseases
 Helpful because they eat harmfulHelpful because they eat harmful
bacteria and are food for fish and otherbacteria and are food for fish and other
animalanimal
 Also called fissionAlso called fission

22. DISEASE CAUSED BYDISEASE CAUSED BY
PROTOZAPROTOZA
 MalariaMalaria
 AmoebiasisAmoebiasis

23. BASIC CONCEPTS INBASIC CONCEPTS IN
GENETICSGENETICS

24. MENDEL’SMENDEL’S
EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENT
 Research was with plantsResearch was with plants
 Basic underline principle of heredityBasic underline principle of heredity
 Also applicable to human beings and animalsAlso applicable to human beings and animals
 Performed experiment on common pea plantPerformed experiment on common pea plant
 Certain traits show up in the offspringCertain traits show up in the offspring
 Observed seven traitsObserved seven traits
 Apparently occur in one of the two formApparently occur in one of the two form

25. TRAITSTRAITS
 Flower color is purple or whiteFlower color is purple or white
 Flower position is axil or terminalFlower position is axil or terminal
 Stem length is long or shortStem length is long or short
 Seed shape is round or wrinkledSeed shape is round or wrinkled
 Seed color is yellow or greenSeed color is yellow or green
 Pod shape is inflated or constrictedPod shape is inflated or constricted
 Pod color is yellow or greenPod color is yellow or green

26. Mendel’s second experimentMendel’s second experiment
 Picked common garden pea plantPicked common garden pea plant
 Pea plant have both male and femalePea plant have both male and female
reproductive organsreproductive organs
 Can be self pollinatedCan be self pollinated
 Cross pollinatedCross pollinated

27.  Cross pollinating plants that either produceCross pollinating plants that either produce
yellow or green pea seedsyellow or green pea seeds
 First offspring generation (f1) always hasFirst offspring generation (f1) always has
yellow seedsyellow seeds
 F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to greenF2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green
 3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well
 Realized that this was the key to underRealized that this was the key to under
-standing the basic mechanism of inheritance-standing the basic mechanism of inheritance

30. conclusionconclusion
 inheritance of each trait is determinedinheritance of each trait is determined
by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed onby ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on
to descendents unchanged (genes)to descendents unchanged (genes)
 An individual inherits one such unit fromAn individual inherits one such unit from
each parent for each traiteach parent for each trait
 Trait may not show up in an individualTrait may not show up in an individual
but can still be passed on to the nextbut can still be passed on to the next
generationgeneration

31.  Starting parent plants – homozygousStarting parent plants – homozygous
(alleles or form)(alleles or form)
 F1 generation – heterozygous (differentF1 generation – heterozygous (different
alleles)alleles)
 GenotypeGenotype
 PhenotypePhenotype

33.  the principle of segregationthe principle of segregation
 the principle of independent assortmentthe principle of independent assortment