Notes/Description

1. SEMESTER-II
DL06 – Information Access and Services
ASSIGNMENT – T1
WHAT IS WEV 2.0? DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE WEB 2.0 TOOLS
LIBRARY CAN UTILISE FOR PROVIDING SERVICES.
By Shweta Ravindra Bhavsar
Roll No - (2019PGDLIM020)
(2019-2020)
Centre for Library and Information Management Studies
Sir Dorabji Tata Memorial Library
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 concept of Web 2.0............................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 characteristics of Web 2.0 ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3 seven principle of Web 2.0 .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4 benefits of Web 2.0............................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 barriers to use Web 2.0 .................................................................................................................... 4
2. UTILISATION OF WEB 2.0 TOOLS IN LIBRARY FOR PROVIDING SERVICES......................... 5
2.1 Synchronous Communication........................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Content Delivery Tools..................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Collaborative Publishing Tools...................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Collaborative Service Platforms .................................................................................................. 10
2.5 Hybrid Applications, Programs and Programming Tools..................................................... 11
3. CASE STUDY........................................................................................................................................... 12
4. FUTURE OF WEB 2.0............................................................................................................................. 13
5. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 13

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1. What is Web 2.0? Describe in detail the web 2.0 tools library can utilise for providing
services.
Answer
1. INTRODUCTION
The exponential growth of Information and Communicational Technology specifically World
Wide Web (WWW) have impact on evolving digital library. ICT revolution has changed the
concept of information sharing from last five decades. World Wide Web’s first step of
evolution is web 1.0. Users of web 1.0 were more than the content creator and uni-
directional. Also called as “read-only” media. In web 1.0 users could only read and learn.
Gradually, with the evolution it has upgraded to “read and write” also called as web 2.0 The
Second Generation of the Internet’. In 1999, Darcy DiNucci coined the term "Web 2.0.”
basically it was published in article "Fragmented Future." Web 2.0 is dynamic,
participatory, and multidirectional, user-oriented. Library 2.0, Business 2.0, Democracy
2.0, Law 2.0 and Travel 2.0,etc. are extended to several sectors of Web 2.0. For all the
library services this platform is most suitable, fastest growing technology which libraries
adopted very early. Library 2.0 is predominantly viewed as the selective application of Web
2.0 tools and techniques with emphasis on user services. Tools for library 2.0 services
includes synchronous communication, Content delivery tools, Collaborative Publishing
Tools, Collaborative Service Platforms, Hybrid Applications, Programs and Programming
Tools. These all services make library more acceptable and relevant place and allow more
collaborative education.
Definition
Web 2.0
(O’Reilly, 2005) coined the term Web2.0 define it as “applications that make the most of
the intrinsic advantages of that platform: delivering software as a continually-updated
service that gets better as more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple
sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form
that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an “architecture of
participation”, and going beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user
experiences”.

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Library 2.0
“The term Library 2.0, first coined by Michael Casey in 2006 on his blog Library, Crunch,
refers to a number of social and technological changes that are having increasing impact
upon libraries, its staff and their clientele, and how they could interact. The application of
concepts and technologies of Web 2.0 applied to the library services and collections is
named as “Library 2.0”. It is a concept that defies new genera of library services geared
towards the needs and expectations of today’s library users.” (Arora, 2008).
1.1 CONCEPT OF WEB 2.0
Term Web 2.0 started gaining popularity after O'Reilly Media and MediaLive hosted the first
Web 2.0 conference. It is machine-based interactions through APIs (Application
programming interfaces). Web 2.0 described in three main parts those are Rich Internet
application (RIA), Web-oriented architecture (WOA), Social Web. In web 2.0, collaborative
web-based services, interaction through social media are available in which general public
could interact, contribute and collaborate. Ajax and JavaScript frameworks, W3C
standards, HTML, XML are used for development of Web 2.0. Libraries can manage and
repurpose online information and knowledge repositories services very efficiently in web 2.0
than web 1.0 model. Consist of number of online tools and platforms includes Social
Networking, Media Sharing, Social Bookmarking and Tagging, WikiBlogs, RSS, Chat/Instant
Messaging, Virtual World, Widgets, Hybrid Applications and Programming Tools, etc. which
are interactive for end users and helpful in effective learning and sharing.
Fig 1.1 Concept of Web 2.0 (Web 2.0, A Concise Definition for Dummies, n.d.)

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1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WEB 2.0
Web 2.0 is client- and server-side software. In web 2.0 all users can equally contribute,
same freedom that is biggest boon. User’s participation has increased because its
enabling user to create account or the profile on the website. This encourages users to rely
more upon browser for user interface, application software and file storage facilities. Also
called as "network as platform" computing. Tagging, social networking websites, social
bookmarking, self-publishing platforms like WordPress, "like" and “dislike” buttons,
commenting on websites which enable users to express their opinion about usefulness,
relevance of on online published content for them. This "architecture of participation"
encourage users to add value to the content by providing their own opinion. On the other
side freedom of sharing may lead to spamming and trolling for this proper management of
website is required called as radical trust. Collective intelligence, web-oriented
architecture, scalability, metadata, and Web standards, flexibility are the equally main
characteristics of Web 2.0.
Following are the key features of Web 2.0:
1. “Folksonomy- Is free classification of information. Web 2.0 allows users to create free
classification, arrangement of information over web. Example: Social Tagging
2. Rich User Experience - Web 2.0 uses Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript + XML) to present
dynamic, GUI based rich user experience to users. Example: Google Maps
3. User as a Contributor - In Web 2.0, user also contributes to the content by means of
evaluation, review & commenting
4. User Participation and Mass participation - In web 2.0, users participate in content
sourcing also known as Crowdsourcing. Example: Wikipedia & You Tube” (Arora, n.a.)
Users from globe can access the content.
5. “Basic Trust- In earlier web, the contents are protected under Intellectual Property Rights,
while in web 2.0 the contents are made available to share, reuse, redistribute and edit also
available under fair use. Examples: Creative Common and Wikipedia
6. Dispersion- Web 2.0 uses multiple channel that include file sharing & permalinks to
deliver content. Examples: Mashup and Bit Torrent” (Arora, n.a.)
7. Software as a service (SaaS) – Web 2.0 sites developed APIs to allow automated usage,
such as by a Web "app" (software application) or a mashup. (“Web 2.0” , n.a.)

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1.3 SEVEN PRINCIPLE OF WEB 2.0 (O'Reilly,2005)
1) The Web as a platform
2) Harnessing Collective Intelligence
3) Data is the next intel inside
4) End Of the software release cycle
5) Lightweight programming models
6) Software above the level of a single device.
7) Rich user experiences.
1.3.1 Ranganathan’s Five law of Library Science in Library 2.0 are assumed as follow:
1) “Community knowledge is for use.
2) Every user should have access to his/her community knowledge.
3) All community knowledge should be made available to its users.
4) Save the time of the user in creating and finding community knowledge.
5) Local community knowledge grows continually.” (Shukla, 2012)
1.4 BENEFITS OF WEB 2.0
Web 2.0 is user centric as its available around the clock at any place. Ease of usage has
increased due to multi-media, strong networking and active interactions on different
level such as many-to-many and few-to-few communication. The Web 2.0 made available
rich-content, real-time updates, control is not centralised which helps in risk
management and preservation. Users get more personalized content which helps to
learn actively and emphasis on knowledge building and can create collaborative
learning communities.
1.5 BARRIERS TO USE WEB 2.0
With the changing technology challenges and barriers while adopting Web 2.0 technologies
are digital preservation risks, accessibility issues, user disinterest, and sustainability risks.
Also, awareness among users and willingness to adopt the new technology is required to
ensure in providing and enhances the services. Also, the institutional barriers such as
limited access to services, firewalls, lack of skills and training among professionals and time,
broadband access. Constantly changing information needs, ethical issues, quality of
information are the issues related Web 2.0. And in Indian scenario the main barrier in using
Web 2.0 is Digital Divide.

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2. UTILISATION OF WEB 2.0 TOOLS IN LIBRARY FOR PROVIDING SERVICES
Adoption of Web 2.0 in library ensure needs of users and easy access to information.
Application of Web 2.0 tools in library is called as Library 2.0. Enables digital libraries to
function properly and more effectively and interactively. Promote new services and
awareness through Web 2.0. Libraries have become flexible and can support and guide
large diverse population of users from anywhere. Library 2.0 tools and techniques helps to
create and provide collaborative user centric-services. OPAC, user’s interfaces, e-resources
collection, repositories, etc. are available because of Web 2.0 in library. Web 2.0 in library
supports rich research environment to the researchers. Taxonomy, Folksonomy, browser,
various social networks (blog and wikis), mobile computing, RSS feeds and Mashups etc.
are the various available Web 2.0 platforms for library users.
Fig 2.1 Library 1.0 vs Library 2.0
2.1 SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
2.1.1 Instant Messaging (IM) Tools
Instant messaging commonly known as IM. It is a real-time, online instant communication
between two or more people based on typed text. Users allow to share multimedia formats
such as audio, video, images, documents (.pdf, .doc), web links, etc. Telegram,
EvolveSMS, Pulse SMS, Textra SMS, Paltalk, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger,
Yahoo Messenger are few examples of IM software. In COVID-19 pandemic period
libraries are using Telegram mostly to invite people for webinars, workshops, etc. also

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guiding users/students for different library activities by creating group on Telegram. By using
Instant Messages libraries provides “real-time assistance” to their users. Online
reference services and other query’s answer can be provided by IM software/ applications
but the software used in libraries for IM could be more robust than applications. Software
supports features like co-browsing, screen-capturing, data mining of previous transcripts
and sharing.
Example: For solving queries related SOUL software INFLIBNET Centre, Gujrat is using
Google Talk. Users can login to Google chat at soulhelp0007@gmail.com and can enter into
a chat session. Dedicated and qualified professional’s team help to resolve the problem of
SOUL users with this IM.
2.1.2 Virtual Meetings Tools
Hundreds of people at the same time can be part of synchronous (Real-Time) audio and
video conference (webinar) and textual conversations. Library’s user orientation, Online
classes (e-learning), etc is possible because of Web 2.0 tools. In COVID -19 situation all
library professionals guiding their patrons through video conference conducting webinars
for creating awareness among users. Also, conducting and attending webinars for
professionals for updating their knowledge. Applications: Cisco WebEx, GoToMeeting,
Zoom, etc.
2.2 CONTENT DELIVERY TOOLS
2.2.1 RSS Feeds
Full form of RSS is Real Simple Syndication or Rich Site Summary. Libraries are creating
RSS feeds for notifying users about subscription of newly published and acquired
materials such as current journal’s table of content, new publications of books and
journals, publications from interested authors or publishers of users, keep up-to-
date with blogs, photos, world and local news, weather forecasts, social bookmarks,
product price changes and sales, professional association news, podcasts, etc. web-
content through a set of XML. Libraries can republish and syndicate content on their sites.
This is personal search assistant using which library users get notifications/alerts
whenever anything new is posted or published so that users can track new updates on
chosen websites.

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Example: Library of Congress using RSS feeds for Latest News, Library of Congress
Magazine (LCM), Library of Congress Blog, Patron Services, Hours of Operation (Library
Hours). Users can subscribe to this RSS feeds according to their choice.
Fig 2.2 RSS page of LOC (Help with Library of Congress RSS Feeds, n.d.)
2.2.2 Streaming Media
This is method of delivering of medium. “Streaming multimedia is sequential delivery of
multimedia content over a computer network that is displayed to the end-user as it is being
delivered by the provider.” (Arora,2008). Even before Web 1.0 the streaming of video and
audio media was existed and it is an important application. Multimedia-based interactive
sessions, tutorials in the libraries are possible to make available to everyone because of
streaming media. Libraries can add interactive quizzes for more interactive
sessions/tutorials. Tutorials were the first library applications to migrate into more socially
rich Web 2.0. Libraries are responsible for creating and preserving media-based content
of particular organization, institutions, etc. It is available through digital repositories and
online platforms.
Example: The INFLIBNET Centre uses “YouTube” (http://in.youtube.com/inflibnet) to
upload multimedia video files. All the events held at INFLIBNET Centre are recorded and
the contents are uploaded on to the You Tube for the benefit of the users.

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2.2.3 Podcasting
Podcasting is a combination of two words that is “broadcasting” and “iPod”. Podcasting is
defined as “process of capturing audio digital-media files that can be distributed over the
Internet using RSS feeds for playing-back on portable media players as well as computers.
On their PC/devices, like RSS feeds users can subscribe to podcasts in library and can
automatically download files into an audio management program. Libraries are mainly
using podcasts for library orientations programmes, Storytelling, local publications
free of Copyright, readings of short-format magazine articles for visually impaired
readers. Mainly effective for visually impaired readers. Podcasts can be published on
libraries website, blogs, etc. Audio, Video, PDF, and ePub files, etc. formats can be
included in podcasting.
Example: New York Public Library’s “The Librarian Is in This” podcast is about books,
culture, and the world of libraries.
Fig 2.3 Podcast of New York Public Library (New York Public Library, n.d.)
2.2.4 Vodcasting
The “VOD” (“video-on-demand”) in Vodcasting also called as vlogging. Similar to podcasting
which is used for delivering audio files and vodcasting is used for delivering video content
related libraries on different online platforms. Vodcasting also support different devices for
vodcast contents.

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2.2.5 SMS Enquiry Service
“Short Message Service (SMS) is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the
mobile networks. The SMS enquiry services in a library allow patrons to use their mobile
phones to SMS their inquiries to the library. The reference staff deployed to attend touch
queries can respond immediately with answers or with links to more in-depth answers.”
(Arora, n.d.)
2.3 COLLABORATIVE PUBLISHING TOOLS
2.3.1 Blogs
Blogs can be referred as daily diaries but for libraries blogs are very useful to disseminate
information, announcement of new resource, etc. among their users. A blog a website
marinated by a library professional and gives update about library’s new activities. It can
include commentary, descriptions of events, news, material such as graphics or video, book
reviews, opinions, etc. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order.
Libraries can share their daily activities, special programme, announcements through
blogs. Few libraries have blogs for different subject areas written by experts. It is most
used tool in library for promotion, for outreach services and publicity. Users can share
their thoughts on blogs by commenting. Applications: WordPress, Blogger, Weebly, etc.
Example : Welingkar Institute of Management, Mumbai has their own blog where they share
news, related business, Information about programmes, degree, link of Twitter, Facebook,
and information about special events, etc. (http://blogs.welingkar.org/)
Fig 2.4 Blog of Welingkar (Welingkar, 2011)

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2.3.2 Wikis
Wikis are often used to create collaborative websites and to power community websites
(Wikipedia, 2008). A wiki is a collection of web pages and anyone can access it to contribute
or modify content, using a simplified mark-up language. Wiki is the most useful tool in library
for reaching out many users. Enables communication between users and librarians and
encourage to share information, question and answer, it is also helpful in developing subject
gateways. Openly gives chance to everybody for sharing their content without validation of
content. Perpetual archiving is possible and can provide as reference source for future use.
Applications : MediaWiki , WackoWiki, Foswiki, TWiki , MindTouch (open source)
2.4 COLLABORATIVE SERVICE PLATFORMS
2.4.1 Social Networks
It is a web-based software that facilitates creation of a virtual social networks for
communities of people who share interests and activities or who are interested in exploring
the interests and activities of others (Wikipedia, 2008). Using Social networking libraries
are enabling do chat, messaging, email, video, voice chat, file sharing, blogging, discussion
groups, etc. with their users. Users can use this social networking through their own
networking account. It encourages the formal and informal Communication,
knowledge sharing between users and library by following library pages on networking
site. Here, libraries can share their content news, announcements, also share their
resources.
Applications: Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.
LinkedIn: LinkedIn gives professional identity, is platform for making professional contacts,
opportunities, promotes collaboration.
2.4.2 Tagging
A tag is keyword or subject heading assigned to a piece of information. Tags are mostly
created by authors. Tags are used for digital resources in library and it is helps in integral
parts of maintaining library collection i.e. classification and cataloguing of an item due to
this search and retrieval of information becomes easy. Libraries are using tagging in
OPAC, users can do bookmarking. There are standards for tagging but libraries can
assign/categorized keywords according to their convenience. Library allows enable users to
follow both standardized and user-tagged subjects.
Example: Many libraries have introduced Web 2.0 features into their library catalogue and
options for rating the books.

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2.4.3 Social Bookmarking
Social bookmarking is a method of storing, organizing, searching and managing bookmarks
of web sites using descriptive metadata. Users can save links of web pages and enable to
share with other users publicly and privately. Libraries can make use of social bookmarking
sites using RSS feeds for subject disciplines or in areas of specialization relevant to them.
Social bookmarking increases the access and sharing of resources in libraries.
Applications : CiteULike, BlinkList, Connotea, Diigo BibSonomy and 2collab, etc
2.5 HYBRID APPLICATIONS, PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING TOOLS
2.5.1 Mashups
A mashup is a web application that combines data from more than one source into a single
integrated tool. Mashup is enabling to edit OPAC data and metadata, saves the user’s tags,
IM conversations with librarians, wiki entries with other users when user login in. the user is
able to make all or part of their profile public; users can see what other users have similar
items checked-out, borrow and lend tags, and a giant user-driven catalogue is created and
mashed with the traditional catalogue.
Applications: Intel Mash Maker, Google Mashup Editor, LiquidApps, Microsoft Popfly,
Serena Mashup Editor, Yahoo pipes, etc.
2.5.2 Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
Ajax is Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, or AJAX, is a group of inter-related web
development techniques used for creating interactive web applications. Interact with users
by exchanging small amounts of data with the server, it helps n increasing the library web
page’s interactivity, speed, functionality and usability. There are free and open source
implementations of suitable frameworks and libraries.
2.5.3 Application Programming Interface (API)
An application programming interface (API) is a source code interface provided by an
operating system, library or service to support requests made by computer programs. API
are Windows API; Scopus API enables a user to select Scopus data elements to your own
mashups. It simplifies libraries routine tasks.
Example: API has recently been developed as a front-end to interact with INFLIBNET’s
union databases for books, serials and theses stored in MS SQL as back-end database

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using Java, JSP, Servlet, Ajax technologies. The interface also facilitates universities to
restrict their searches to their own collections.
2.5.4 Library Tool Bars
A toolbar is anothing but graphical user interface consisting of a panel of buttons, icons,
menus or commands which are used more often in an application. Used in applications such
as Microsoft Word, and as add-ons for web browsers such as Internet Explorer and Mozilla
Firefox. The INFLIBNET Centre has recently developed its tool bar to show-off its e-
resources, databases, products and services.
3. CASE STUDY
In (Santosh, 2017) study entitled “Adoption of Web 2.0 Applications in Academic
Libraries in India.” Study conducted the survey of academic library websites in India
included 28 Central Universities, 16 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and 13 Indian
Institutes of Management (IIMs). Analysed the use of Web 2.0 applications in these libraries.
Among these 55 institutions only 34% (22) of them were using Web 2.0 applications.
Blog is the most commonly used technology while Instant Messaging is the least used
one. Libraries are still at the early stage of development. researcher found out few barriers
such as Accessibility, lack of incentives, security of Web 2.0 applications, lack of training,
internet connections, etc. Latest availability of technology, direct interaction with users,
professional development, peer recognition and prestige, etc were the motivating factors
of libraries for adopting Web 2.0 technology.

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4. FUTURE OF WEB 2.0
Fig 2.5 Next generations of Web 2.0: Web 3.0, Web 4.0, Web 5.0 (Shukla, 2012)
5. CONCLUSION
Web 2.0 is the second generation of World Wide Web (WWW) adopted by Libraries as
Library 2.0. Web 2.0 is machine-based interactions through APIs (Application programming
interfaces). Which provides synchronous, user-centric library services which allows share
and exchange resources dynamically in electronic environment. Library 2.0 tools are social
networking, tagging, wikis, mashups, podcasts, social bookmarking, Instant Messaging,
vodcast, blogs, file sharing, etc. Using these tools libraries can easily store and
disseminate information among users. And fulfil the fourth law “Save the time of the
reader” of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan.
REFERENCES
1. Arora, J. (2008). Library 2.0: Innovative Technologies for Building Libraries of Tomorrow.
In Proceedings of ETTLIS 2008, JIIT University, Noida. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET.
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2. Arora, J. (n.d.). Web 2.0: Concept, Features, Tools and Services. e-PG Pathshala.
Retrieved August 17, 2020from https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home/ViewSubject?catid=21
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https://www.loc.gov/rss/faq.html

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DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 37(3), 192-198.
DOI: 10.14429/djlit.37.3.10918
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