Menstruation is taboo that should be removed, my effort on this topic is my concerns about such natural processes to not be understood as a bad thing. The natural process of such happening in human kind is a every month war between society and mental health. Every woman should have the promising environment around her.

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NAD SUNABEDA
2023 - 2024
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME :- SHUBHADARSHINI SINGH
TOPIC :- MENSTRUATION
ROLL NO :- 10
GUIDED BY :-
MRS KALPANA RANI
(PGT BIOLOGY)

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INTRODUCTION:-
MENSTRUATION
Menstrual cycle and events.

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What is Menstruation?
Menstruation is the process in which blood and other tissues are shed
from the uterus and leave the body through the vagina. Menstruation
is repeated at an average interval of about 28 to 32 days but the
length can vary from cycle to cycle. The cycle events starting from one
menstruation till next one is called menstrual cycle.
Menstruation is divided into two cycles:
The ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle.
Ovarian cycle – Controls the production and release of eggs which
consists of the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.
Uterine cycle – Governs the preparation and maintenance of the
lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg which consists of the
menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases.

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PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE:-
The menstrual cycle consists of four phases:
Menstrual phase (3 – 5 days)
Follicular phase (7 – 13 days)
Ovulation phase (14th day)
Luteal phase (17 – 23 days)

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Menstrual phase :-
The menstrual phase is the first stage which lasts about 3 – 5 days.
During this stage, the uterus sheds its inner lining through the vagina
in the form of fluid. Menstrual fluid contains blood cells from the
lining of the uterus endometrial cells and mucus. The fluid loss is a
menstrual cycle is typically 35 ml.
Follicular phase :-
It occurs simultaneously with proliferative phase of uterine cycle.
During this cycle follicular development takes place in the ovary and
endometrium of uterus regenerates through proliferation. These
changes are induced by the changing level of pituitary (FSH and LH)
and ovarian hormone (Estrogen).

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Ovulatory phase :-
By the middle of the menstrual cycle, around 14th day both FSH and
LH attains a peak level. Rapid secretion of LH leads to its maximum
level during the mid cycle called LH surge which induced rupturing of
the Graafian follicle and thereby the release of ovum called ovulation.

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Luteal phase:-
This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle.
The following events occur during this phase:
The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the
fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm cell does not impregnate the
egg cell within that time, the egg cell disintegrates. The hormone
that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by
the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of
the next cycle to begin.

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Role of hormones :-
Estrogen and progesterone, LH and FSH control the menstruation. In
the first half of the menstrual cycle negative feedback mechanism
works and the second half of the cycle is regulated by positive
feedback. Estrogen controls the secretion of the two pituitary
hormones by acting on the hypothalamus, which controls the
pituitary gland.
When the estrogen level rises in the blood, it stimulates the secretion
of LH and FSH.
In negative feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland to decrease the production of the
hormones. In positive feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to
increase hormone production. During most of the menstrual cycle,
estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback.
During days 12 – 14, estrogen provides positive feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the
production of estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation.
When menstruation occurs, estrogen secreted by the ovaries
increases. This causes the endometrium of the uterus to thicken. FSH
from the pituitary stimulates follicles in the ovaries to mature. The
maturing follicles produce estrogen, and the level of the estrogen the
blood rises and the cycle continues.

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Menstruation disorders:-
Menstrual disorders are problems that affect a woman's normal
menstrual cycle. They include painful cramps during menstruation,
abnormally heavy bleeding, or not having any bleeding.
Menstruation occurs during the years between puberty and
menopause. Menstruation, also called "menses" or a "period," is the
monthly flow of blood from the uterus through the cervix and out
through the vagina.
Menstrual disorders include:
 Dysmenorrhea refers to painful cramps during menstruation.
 Premenstrual syndrome refers to physical and psychological
symptoms occurring prior to menstruation.

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 Menorrhagia is heavy bleeding, including prolonged menstrual
periods or excessive bleeding during a normal-length period.
 Metrorrhagia is bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between
expected menstrual periods.
 Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation.
 Oligomenorrhea refers to infrequent menstrual periods.
 Hypomenorrhea refers to light periods.
Treatment options for menstrual disorders:-
 Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) can help provide
pain relief for cramps.
 Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) can help regulate
menstrual periods and reduce heavy bleeding. Newer
continuous-dosing oral contraceptives reduce or eliminate
menstrual periods.
 Progesterone injections are another option. A progesterone
intrauterine device (IUD), is often recommended as a first-line
treatment for heavy bleeding.
 Endometrial ablation is a surgical option.
 In cases where medical therapy is not successful, hysterectomy
may be considered.
Menstruation and Taboo:-
In many parts of India, menstruation is still considered to be dirty and
impure. Many girls and women are subject to restrictions in their daily
was simply because they are menstruating.

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Menstruating girls and women are restricted, a woman that during
menstruation the body emits some specific smell or ray, which turns
preserved food bad. And, therefore, they are not allowed to touch sour
foods like pickles, Menstruation are often compounded by traditional
associations with evil spirits, shame and embarrassment surrounding
sexual reproduction. In some cultures, women bury their cloths used
during menstruation to prevent them being used by evil spirits. In
Surinam, menstrual blood is believed to be dangerous, and a
malevolent person can do harm to a menstruating woman or girl by
using black magic. It is also believed that a woman can use her
menstrual blood to impose her will on a man, also restricted from going
to temples and offerings prayers, and touching Holy Scriptures, going to
kitchen etc.

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CONTENT PAGE
1. Introduction 2, 3
2. Phases of Menstrual cycle 4
Menstrual phase 5
Follicular phase 6
Ovulatory phase 7
Luteal phase 8
3. Role of hormones 9, 10
4. Menstruation disorders 10, 11
5. Treatment for disorders 11
6. Menstruation and taboo 12