Complete Evaluation of Computers year by year

1. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS AND ITS
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

2. ABACUS -
 An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, called
a Cranmer abacus is still commonly used by
individuals who are blind.
 A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the
beads so that they do not move inadvertently.
 This keeps the beads in place while the users feel or
manipulate them.
 The standard abacus can be used to perform
addition, subtraction, division and multiplication;
the abacus can also be used to extract square-roots
and cubic roots.
 The beads are manipulated with either the index
finger or the thumb of one hand.
2500 BC

3. NAPIER'S BONES -
 John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, also invented
this aid to calculation known as 'Napier's Bones' in 1617.
 The 'bones' consist of a set of rectangular rods, each
marked with a counting number at the top, and the
multiples of that number down their lengths.
 Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered
rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any
number by a number 2-9.
1614 AD

4. PASCALINE CALCULATOR -
 The Pascaline was designed and built by the French
mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between
1642 and 1644.
 It could only do addition and subtraction, with
numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.
 Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious
arithmetical calculations required by his father's work
as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen.
 He designed the machine to add and subtract two
numbers directly and to perform multiplication and
division through repeated addition or subtraction.
1642 BC

5. FATHER OF COMPUTER
(CHARLES BABBAGE ) -
 Charles Babbage KH FRS was an English polymath. A
mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical
engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital
programmable computer.
 Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical
computers. That they were not actually completed was largely
because of funding problems and clashes of personality, most
notably with Airy, the Astronomer Royal.
 Babbage lived and worked for over 40 years at 1 Dorset Street,
Marylebone, where he died, at the age of 79, on 18 October
1871

6. THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE -
 A difference engine, first created by Charles
Babbage, is an automatic mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Its
name is derived from the method of divided
differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate
functions by using a small set of polynomial
coefficients.
1822 AD

7. HOILERITH TABULATING
MACHINE -
 Herman Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern
automatic computation.
 He chose the punched card as the basis for storing and
processing information and he built the first punched-card
tabulating and sorting machines as well as the first key
punch, and he founded the company that was to become IBM.
1890 AD

8. FIRST ELECTRONIC
COMPUTER - ABC
 The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the
first automatic electronic digital
computer.Conceived in 1937,
 The machine was built by Iowa State College
mathematics and physics professor John
Vincent Atanasoff with the help of graduate
student Clifford Berry.

9. ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMBERICAL
INTERGRATOR AND COMPUTER) -
 EINAC was the first electronic general-purpose
computer.
 It was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve "a
large class of numerical problems" through
reprogramming.

10. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

11. FIRST GENERATION
COMPUTER (VACUUM TUBE) -
 Computer - First Generation. The period of first generation was
from 1946-1959.
 The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the
basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).
 These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the
installations used to fuse frequently.
1940-1956

12. VACUUM TUBE -
 A vacuum tube consists of cathode (also called as filament), anode
(also called as plate), and electrode (also called as grid). Cathode
is an electron emitter that emits the free electrons whereas anode
is an electron collector that collects the free electrons.
 The First Vacuum Tube. Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849–1945) was
an English electrical engineer and physicist, known primarily for
inventing in 1904 the first vacuum tube. It was also called a
thermionic valve, vacuum diode, kenotron, thermionic tube, or
Fleming valve.

13. SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTER (TRANSISTOR ) -
 A transistor computer, now often called a second
generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete
transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
 The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum
tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky
and unreliable.
1956-1963

14. TRANSISTOR -
 Invented by William Shockley.
 The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
and William Shockley invented the first working transistors at
Bell Labs, the point-contact transistor in 1947 and the bipolar
junction transistor in 1948.
 A transistor regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a
switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists of
three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of
carrying a current. A semiconductor is a material such as
germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-
enthusiastic" way.

15. THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTER (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS )
-
 They period of third generation was from 1965-1971.
 The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
in place of transistors.
 A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
 This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and
efficient.
1964-1971

16. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT -
 An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set
of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of
semiconductor material that is normally silicon.
 While at Fairchild, Noyce developed the integrated circuit.
The same concept has been invented by Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments in Dallas a few months previously. In July 1959
Noyce filed a patent for his conception of the integrated
circuit.
 An IC can be a function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.

17. FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTER (MICROPROCESSOR) -
 Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 – 1980.
 These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology.
 Therefore they were also known as the microprocessors.
 Examples are STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer), DEC 10,
PDP 11, CRAY-1.
1971-PRESENT

18. MICROPROCESSOR -
 A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a
computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a
single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small
components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that
work together.
 Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted
Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima,
Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon-gate MOS
technology to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU
into a 16-pin package in 1971.
 The microprocessor is used in personal computers (PCs). The
microprocessor is used in LASER printers for good speed and
making automatic photo copies. The microprocessors are
used in modems, telephone, digital telephone sets, and also
in air reservation systems and railway reservation systems.

19. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(ARITIFICAL INTELLIGENCE ) -
 Computer - Fifth Generation. ... In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor
chips having ten million electronic components. This
generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software.
PRESENT - BEYOND

20. ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
-John McCarthy came up with the name "artificial intelligence" in
1955.
In computer science, artificial intelligence, sometimes called
machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in
contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans.
In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called
machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in
contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans.
Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent
agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes
actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its
goals.Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to
describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions
that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and
"problem solving".

21. IMPACT OF COMPUTERS
ON SOCIETY

22. Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast
majority of people are using computer.
Development of science and technology has direct effect
on our daily life as well as in our social life.
Computer technology has made communication possible
from one part of the world to the other in seconds.
They can see the transactions in one part of the world
while staying in the other part.
Computer development is one of the greatest scientific
achievements of the 20 th century. Computers are used in
various fields as well as in teaching and learning.

23. Some of the major computer application fields are listed below.
1) An aid to management: The computer can also be used as a
management tool to assist in solving business problems.
2) Banking: Branches are equipped with terminals giving them an
online accounting facility and enabling them to information as such
things as current balances, deposits, overdrafts and interest charges.
3) Industrial Application: In industry, production may be planned,
coordinated and controlled with the aid of a computer.
4) Engineering Design: Computer help in calculating that all the parts
of a proposed design are satisfactory and also assist in the designing.
5) Meteorology: Data is recorded at different levels of atmosphere at
different places, using remote sensors carried on a satellite.

24. 6) Air Travel: Small computers are installed as a part of the
plane's equipment.
7) Road Traffic Control: Computers assist with the control of
traffic lights.
8) Telephones: Computerized telephone exchanges handle an
ever increasing volume of calls very efficiently.
9) Medicine: Computers are widely used in hospitals for such
task as maintaining drugs, surgical equipments and linen, for
payroll and also for checkup and treatment of diseases.
In addition computers are also used for recording and film
studios, research, military, etc.
Computers have both positive and negative impact in our daily
life as well as in our social life. But the gross development of
the nation is faster.

25. POSITIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS–
1. The work can be done in very less time.
2. More information can be stored in small space.
3. Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of
data.
4. Easy to access data.
5. Impartiality.
6. Documents can be kept secret.
7. Error free result.
8. It can be used for various purposes. i.e. It can be
used in any type of work.
The both positive and negative
impacts of computers are listed
below.

26. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF COMPUTERS-
1. Highly expensive.
2. Accidents.
3. Data piracy.
4. Increased Unemployment.
5. Huge data and information can be lost
sometimes.
6. Fast changing computer technology.
7. Service distribution.
8. Illiteracy of computing and computers.

27. CONCLUSION -
 There have been many different computers that were made before now. People say
the ENIAC was the first computer ever made, and people say the Difference Engine
was the first computer ever made, but no one acctually knows who made the first
computer.
 Technology in the world today is getting more and more difficult. Computers like
the ENIAC and the Z3 are not going to be made anymore because people want
something new. E
 ven though computers are being changed every second without the people who
invented them a long time ago, we would not have computers.
 Hence, the era of computers brought an ease to lifestyle of individual and played
an vital role in shaping the thinking process of mankind

28. THANK YOU -