Maize .ppt

Shiv Singh Yadav
Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and
technology Bnada,
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
Havenly Miss. Sapna
Study- CSAUAT , Kanp
MAIZE

Botanical name – Zea mays
Family – Gramineae
Chromosome number-2n-20
Origin place- Maxico(South
America)
MAIZE
MAIZE

Introduction:
1. Maize being the highest yielding crop in the world.
2.Maize is one of the emerging crops under agro-
climatic conditions called as ''Queen of cereals''.
3. It is the third important cereal in the world.
4. In Pakistanis fourth important cereal crop after rice,
wheat and cotton.
5. This crop is cross pollinatedcrop because have a
protandry condition.

rCurrent data of maize production in
World: 2019-20
RRank CCountry Production(
million
metric ton)
1 USA 345.8
2 China 260.7
3 Brazil 101.0

Current data of maize in Area, production and
productivity in the world:
S.No. Area(mh
a)
Productio
n (mt)
Productiv
ity (m/ha)
1. 159 690 4509
2. USA>Brazi
l
USA>Chin
a
USA>Fran
ce
SOURCES:
1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260995060_Global_maize_
production_utilization_and_consumption#:~:text=Maize%20contains
%20approximately%2072%25%20starch,717%20million%20metric%
20tons%2Fyear.
2.https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Maize.htm

In India
SOURCES:
1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260995060_Global_maize_
production_utilization_and_consumption#:~:text=Maize%20contains
%20approximately%2072%25%20starch,717%20million%20metric%
20tons%2Fyear.
2.https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Maize.htm
S.No. Area(mha) Production
(mt)
Productivity
m/ha
1 11 27.83 2830
2 KR>RJ AP>KR AP

Leading states in maize production:(2017-18)
State Area
(Kg/ha)
Production
(mT)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
KARNATAKA 1.2 4.36 3500
ANDHRA
PRADESH
0.8 4.27 5300
MAHARASHTRA 0.81 2.27 2850
RAJASTHAN 1.10 2.02 1830
BIHAR 0.64 1.43 2260
UTTAR PRADESH 0.71 1.08 1510
INDIA 8.3 16.7 2000
SOURCES:
1.https://www.indiastat.com/agriculture-data/2/agricultural-
production/225/maize/17199/stats.aspx
2.https://naarm.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Assessment-of-
the-Maize-Situation-outlook-and-investment-opportunities-in-
India.pdf

Origin and Hitory:
Origin: Mexico (South America)
 Wild progenitor called teosinte (Euchlaina mexicana)
grown in South America.
 Present form of maize (also called corn) evolved over
generations with the deliberate selection process as well
selected crossing programme.

Area and Distribution:
 USA has the largest area followed by China, Brazil, Mexico
and Indonesia.
 In India it is grown over an area of 8.3 million hectare. With
total production about 16.7 million tonnes.
 Karnataka have largest area and production of maize, but
Andhra Pradesh gives highest average yield per hectare.

 Maize belongs to Gramineae family. It is a annual plant
 Chromosomes No- 2n= 20
 Maize is normally monoecious and C4 plant.
Root system:- The root system of maize is fibrous and deep.
a) Seminal Or Temporary roots- First set of roots.
b) Crown roots - Permanent roots.
c) Brace ,Prop or Aerial roots - For anchorage.
Stem:-
 Made up of approx. 12-18 alternating nodes and inter nodes.
 Inter nodes are some what flattened or grooved on the side next
to the leaf sheath.
Botanical Description:

Leaf:-
 The leaves develop alternately on opposite sides of the stem.
 The number of leaves varies from 12-20.
 Stomata are present on both the surfaces of the leaf (Isobilateral).
Inflorescences : -
 Monoecious flowering habit
 Female inflorescence - Pistillate flowers - Develops into an ear
(cob)
 Male inflorescence contains staminate flowers.
 Male inflorescence - Tassel
 Female inflorescence - Silk
Botanical Description (Cont...):

Classification:
The classification is based largely on character of the kernels:
It is divided in to seven group.
1. Zea mays indurata – (Flint corn)
 Endosperms are soft and starchy, enclosed by a very hard outer
layer.
 Most commonly cultivated in India.
2.Zea mays indentata–(Dent corn):
 Kernels have both hard and soft starches.
 Most common type of maize grown in USA.

Classification(Cont...):
3. Zea mays everta(pop corn):-
 Possesses popping quality.
 Kernel is small but endosperm is hard.
4. Zea mays saccharata(sweet corn):-
 Kernel possess a considerable amount of sugar.
5. Zea mays amylacea(Soft corn ):-
 It possesses a soft endosperm.
 Kernel colour white and blue.

Classification(Cont...):
6. Zea mays tunicata (Pod corn ):-
 The pod corn have each kernel enclosed within a pod or husk
.
7. Zea mays ceratina (Waxy corn):-
 The endosperm of the kernel when broken gives a waxy
appearance.

 Popcorn expands and puffs, because heated endosperm attempts
to lose moisture in grain but fails due to impervious hard cover.
 The internal starch and proteins are converted into gelatinous
substances and when pressure mount furthur, the hard layer
suddenly opens up converting gelatinous starch and protein into
foam.
 The foam readily solidifies on exposure to relatively lower
temperature and become crispy stuff.
Popcorn making:

 Imporatant both as food for man and feed for animals.
 It is a miracle crop has very high yield potential so called as
queen of cereals.
 Several food dishes including ‘chapatis’ are prepared out of
maize flour and grains.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
• Protein - 10%
• Oil - 4%
• Carbohydrates- 70%
• Crude fiber - 2.3%
Economic importance

 Its protein Zein is deficient in Tryptophan and lysine among
essential amino acids.
 Maize is low in calcium , fairly high in phosphorus.
 Maize oil cakes can be used as organic manure.
 Being a C4 plant, it has high adaptability as compared to other
cereals.
 Starch products e.g. fabrilose, dextrin, sayatex, maproton are
manufactured from corn.
Economic importance (Cont...) :

Kharif Maize:

Climatic requirements and Soil:

Climatic requirements and Soil (Cont...):
 Maize is a warm weather plant.
 The most suitable temperature for germination is 21 degree
celsius for growth 32 degree celsius.
 Maize is very sensitive to stagnant water , particularly during its
early stages of growth.
Soil:
 Maize is best adapted to well drained sandy loam to silty loam
soils.
 pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5.

Varieties:

Varieties recommended for Bundelkhand region:
 Prakash
 Vivek-4
 Deccan 109
 VL-42
 Vivek-9
 Diara 3
 Pusa comp 1

Source:https://www.indiaagronet.com/indi
aagronet/crop%20info/maize.htm

Cropping system:
Some of the cropping systm are:
1. Maize - potato
2. Maize - wheat
3. Maize - toria - sugarcane
4. Maize - groundnut - vegetables
5. Maize - potato - wheat
6. Maize - wheat - Moong
Cropping system for Bundelkhand region:

Cropping system (cont...):
Cropping system recommended for Bundelkhand region:
1. Maize - Safflower
2. Maize - Linseed - Fallow
3. Maize - Pigeon Pea
4. Maize - Lentil - Fallow
5. Maize - Chick Pea - Fallow

Field Preparation:
 The first ploughing should be done with soil inverting plough
so that at least 20-25cm deep soil may become loose.
 It should be followed by 2-3 harrowings or 3-4 intercrossing
ploughings with local plough.
 Planking should be done after each ploughing.

Seed and Sowing:
Seed rate - Hybrid maize- 20-25 kg. per hectare.
- Composites - 18-20 kg. per hectare.
 Seed should be treated with Bavistin @ 3g per kg of seed.
Spacing – 60 * 20-25
Depth of seed - 3-5 cm.
Time- North-western hills - April to early May
Indo-gangetic plain - 15 June to 15 July
Rabi season - October to November .

Seed and Sowing:
Source:https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagro
net/crop%20info/maize.htm

Seed treatment:
To protect the maize crop from seed and major soil borne
diseases and insect-pests, seed treatment with fungicides and
insecticides before sowing is advisable/ recommended as per the
below given details.
Source:https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaa
gronet/crop%20info/maize.htm

Sowing time:
The optimum time of sowing are given below.

Four method are commonly used under Indian condition:
 Planting on flat bed with no earthing up – In normal
condition .
 Planting on the side of a ridge – This method is adopted
in high rain fall situation and on land not uniform.
 Planting in narrow furrows – This method is adopted in
low rain fall area.
 Planting on flat bed and earthing up- After 40-50 days
of planting –In area where there are heavy stroms during
rainy season.
Methods of Sowing:

Manures and Fertilisers (cont...):
Nitrogen should be applied in five splits as per below
mentioned for higher N use efficiency.

Manures and Fertilisers:
 FYM – 10 – 15 tonnes/hectare.
• Nitrogen – 100-120 kg per hac.
• Phosphorus – 60 kg per hac.
• Potassium - 40 kg per hac.
 For composites varieties , 80kg N , 30 kg P and 20kg K
per hectare.
 Zinc - zinc sulphate @ 20-25 kg per hac.

Water Management:
 Maize is very susceptible both to excess water and moisture
stress.
 A good crop of maize require about 460 -600 millimetre of
water during its life cycle.
 Tasselling to silking stage is critical.

Weed management:
Maize crop is infested with grassy and broadleaved annual
weeds.
Among grassy weeds:
Echinochloa colonum , Enhinochloa crus gulli (sawan),
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (makra) , Elusine indica ( khodo ) ,
Setaria glauca ( banra) , Cynodon dactylon (doob) , phragmites
karka ( narkul) , Cyperus rotundus ( motha ) , Sorghum halepanse
( banchari ) are common .
The broad-leaved weeds are :
Celosia Argentia (chillily), commelina benghalensis (Kankoua) ,
phylantus niruri (hulhul) ,solanum nigrum (makoi) , Amaranthus
viridis (chaulai )and Podrtulaca oleracea (naunia ).

Weed management (cont...)
Herbicide Dosage Time of application
Atrazine 0.75 kg a.i / ha Pre emergence
2,4- D Amine 0.4 kg a.i / ha 25 DAS
Halosulfuron 90g a.i / ha 25 DAS
Tembotrione 120g a.i /ha 25 DAS
Nicosulfuron +silwet
gold (adjuvant) at
0.10%
90 g ai/ha Post emergence
S-metolachlor 1.5 kg ai/ha Pre-emergence
Source:
1.https://www.google.com/search?q=recent+herbicides+used+in+maize&oq=recent+herbicides+used+
in+maize&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30i457j0i22i30.8698j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
2. https://www.intechopen.com/books/maize-production-and-use/chemical-weed-management-in-
maize-em-zea-mays-em-l-under-conservation-agricultural-systems-an-outloo

Diseases:
Seed rot:-
Symptoms: Poor emergence,
rotting of seed in the collar
region of mesocotyl.
Control:
Treats the seed with 3g of
Bavistin or Thiram per kg of
seed.

Diseases:
Black bundle:-
Symptoms: Blackening of
vascular bundles appear as
black dots on the cut end of the
stalks.
Control:
Treats the seed with Bavistin
@ 3g per kg of seed.

Diseases:
Downy mildew :-
Symptoms:
Straw coloured stripes on the lower leaves
and after some time on upper leaves also.
Control:
Three to four foliar spray of 0.25 % Zineb
or Mancozeb 75 WP.

Insect Pests :
Stem borer :-
 Stem borer is a very serious pest of
maize.
 Damaging stage of the pest is larvae.
 It commonly causes “dead heart”.
Control :-
 Spray 1.5 litre Indosulfan EC or 2 kg
carbaryl 50WP in 800-1000 litre of water
per hectare.
 Spray should done about 15 days after
sowing.

Insect Pests :
Leaf roller:-
 Damage is caused by the caterpillar.
 They fold leaves by silking threads
and hide themselves in side the rolled
leaves.
Control :-
Spray 0.2% carbaryl (savin) @ of 500-
700 litre of per hectare.

Insect Pests :
Cut worm:-
The larvae of this pest cut the
seedlings at the ground level.
Control :-
2% methyl parathion dust at
the base of the plant @ of 20-
25 kg per hectare will control
the pest.

White grub:-
 This pest is very serious in
sandy soil.
 The larvae feed on the roots
of the plants.
Control :-
 Phorate 10% granules @ 15
kg per hectare should be
mixed in the soil before
sowing.
Insect Pests :

Harvesting and Yield:
 Harvest maize crop when husk has turned yellow and grains are
hard enough having less then 30% moisture.
 Remove the husk from the cobs and then dry them is son for 7-8
days.
 There after grain are removed either by beating the cobs by
sticks or with the help of maize shellers.
Yield:
 Hybrids - 50-60 quintals of grain per hectare.
 Composites – 45-50 quintals of grain per hectare.
 In case of rainfed condition -20-25 quintal for hybrids and 15-20
quintal for composites.

Rabi Maize

Reason for high yields in maize:
 Better water management
 Mild and favoiurable temperature.
 Better response to macronutrients.
 Management of Diseases and Insect-pests.
 Better plant stand in field.
 Better weed management.

Maize: summary and some important points :

 Maize is monoecious plant/ cross pollinated crop.
 Male inflorescence is called - tassel.
 Removal of tassel is called- detasseling.
 The Style is a very long silky filament, the cluster of which is
known as 'silk'.
 Maize protein is called 'zein',deficient in tryptophane and
Lysine.
● Idea of Hybrid maize was first concieved by E. M. East and G.
H. Shull in 1910 by Single crosss technique (mostly used in India).
● Double Cross technique for hybrid seed production by D. F.
Jonse (1920). This double cross technique is mostly used in India.

● All India coordinated Maize Improvement Project was started in
1957. First time in 1961, four double Cross hybrids were released :
Ganga-1, Ganga 101, Deccan, Ranjeet. Later on, other double cross
hybrids were released - VL54, Himalayan 123, Hi- starch,Ganga
2,Ganga 3 and Ganga 5.
● Double top crossing/ Top crossing
Top crossing = single cross(AxB)X open pollinated variety(C)
• Top cross is produced by crossing a single cross(AXB) with open
pollinated variety and such cross is used for testing the General
combining ability ( GCA) of the inbreds. Top cross Varieties are
Ganga2 and Hi-Starch.

● Composites are Jawahar, Vikram, Kisan, Amber, Sona and Vijay.
Among composits, Amber has highest yield potential(50-55 q grain/
ha).
In 1967 these were released for the first time in the world.
● Lysine rich composites (around 10-11% protein and 3.5 -4%
lysine) are Protina, Shakti, and Rattan; released in 1971,such
varieties are called Opaque - 2 composites.
Quality protein maize (QPM) are released by using Opaque-2 gene
e.g. Shaktiman 1, Shaktimam 2, and HQPM 1.
● Critical stages of growth:
For Nitrogen application; 1.Germination
2. Knee high
3. Tassaling stage.
● For water: Tasselling to silking stage

Varieties for Rabi season:
Buland: Applicable for throughout the State in irrigated areas
during rabi season. Crops mature within 178 days. It is high
yielding variety and tolerant to cold. Gives Average yield of 31
qtl/acre.
Partap 1: Applicable for throughout the State in irrigated areas
during rabi season. Crops mature within 180 days. It is tolerant to
cold and resistant to diseases. Average yield of 25 qtl/acre is
obtained. Suitable for baby corn cultivation.
PMH 9: Developed by Punjab agriculture University. Cold tolerant
and late maturing variety. Suitable for rabi season. It is resistant to
lodging and common rust. Ready to harvest in 180 days. It give
average yield of 32.5 qtl/acre.
in 84 days.

Variety suitable for spring cultivation:
PMH 1: Applicable for cultivation throughout the state, under
irrigated conditions for kharif/spring and summer season. It is long
duration varieties, matures in 95 days. Stem is sturdy and of purple
color. Average yield is about 21 qtl/acre.
PMH-2: Short duration variety, mature in 83 days. Cultivated under
rainfed as well as under irrigated conditions. This hybrid is tolerant
to drought. Ears are medium long with orange flint grains. Average
yield is about 16.5 qtl/acre.
JH 3459: Short duration variety, mature. It is tolerant to drought
and lodging. It has orange flint grains with average yield of 17.5
qtl/acre.

Varieties (cont...):
Varieties for fodder:
African tall
J-1006
PMH 10: Hybrid variety gives average yield of 31.6 qtl/acre.
DKC 9108: Hybrid variety gives average yield of 33.24 qtl/acre.

Preparation of Field:
 Loamy soil is suitable for rabi maize.
 Make the soil fine by 1-2 plough by disc harrow.
 If there is lack of sufficient moisture, prepare the field by tillage.
 By use of tractor driven rotavator, the field is prepared in single
plough.
• Sowing Time: 15th October to 15th November.
• Seed Rate: 20-22kg/ha
• Spacing: 60 * 20-25 cm.
Field preparation, seed and sowing:

Seed Treatment: Treat the seeds before sowing with
2.5 gm thiram or 2 gm carbadazim 50% per hectare.
Fertilizers:
Seed treatment and Fertilizers:
Source:https://www.apnikheti.co
m/en/pn/agriculture/crops/cereals/
maize-rabi

Inter Cropping:
 Early ripening variety of pulses such as peas (for vegetables),
Rajma, Wakla, tomato, early potato, carrot, sweet carrot and
onion can be sown between the rows as inter crop successfully.
Crop protection:
- Same as Kharif maize.
Inter-cropping and crop protection:

 Maize is more popular as fodder crop than other cereals and
millets.
 It has highest green fodder yield in a short span of time as
compared to jowar,bajra, wheat and paddy.
 The green fodder of maize doesn't contain any anf like fodder
of jowar and bajra having anf ( prussic acid and oxalic acid).
 Fodder obtained have higher palatability for better than any
other fodder crops.
Importance of maize as a fodder crop:

Water management:
 Rabi maize requires 4-5 irrigation.
 First irrigation should be done after 25-30 days of sowing,
second after 55-60 days, third after 75-80 days, fourth after
110-115 days and fifth after 120-125 days.
 If required, additional irrigation as per moisture requirement of
the field will be suitable.

Weeds and their management:
Major weeds in rabi maize:
Digera arvensis, Cyperus rotundus, Brachiaria spp., Asphodelus
tenuifolius, Indigofera glandulosa, Amaranthus viridis,
Acanthospermum hispidum, Panicum colonum, Launaea
nudicaulis, Euphorbia hirta, Chenopodium album, Portulaca
oleracea, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Celosia argentea.
Hoeing:
 Take atleast one or two hand weeding in maize crop.
 First 20-25 days after sowing and second when on 40-45 days
after sowing.

Chemical control of weeds:
Herbicide Dosage Time of application
Atrazine 0.75 kg a.i / ha Pre emergence
2,4- D Amine 0.4 kg a.i / ha 25 DAS
Halosulfuron 90g a.i / ha 25 DAS
Tembotrione 120g a.i /ha 25 DAS
Nicosulfuron +silwet
gold (adjuvant) at
0.10%
90 g ai/ha Post emergence
S-metolachlor 1.5 kg ai/ha Pre-emergence
Source:
1.https://www.google.com/search?q=recent+herbicides+used+in+maize&oq=
recent+herbicides+used+in+maize&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30i457j0i22i30.8
698j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
2. https://www.intechopen.com/books/maize-production-and-use/chemical-
weed-management-in-maize-em-zea-mays-em-l-under-conservation-
agricultural-systems-an-outloo

Anti-nutritional factors:
 Yellow maize grain contain phytate, which may bind minerals or
condesed tannins which makes protein unavialable well as
trypsin inhibitors or amylase inhibitors which reduce digestion.
 However they can be reduced by lactic acid fermentation and
cooking at a temperature of 120 degree celsius.
 Acute aflatoxicosis occurs in poultry, swine, and cattle
consuming feeds containing corns infected by Aspergillus flavus
and contaminated with aflatoxin.
 The same applies to humans and case of lethal toxic hepatitis
attributed to consumption of Aflatoxin contaminated maize have
occured.

Harvesting:
 When 75% of the leaves covering the cobs turns yellow, pluck
the cobs, dry it and separate the kernels.
Yield:
 By adopting package of practices as indicated above, it is
possible to obtained 50-60 quintals of grain in case of hybrid and
40-50 quintals of grain in case of composites.
Harvesting and yield:

International institutes related to maize crop
research :
1.Centro Internacional Mejoramiento de Maize Y Trigo
(CIMMYT) El Batan, Mexico
( International Centre for Improvement of Maize and Wheat)
2.Project Directorate for Maize Research, (PDMR), New Delhi.

References:
 Modern Techniques of Raising field crops - Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh, Rajbir Singh
 Textbook of field crop production - Rajendra Prasad
 Textbook of field crops - Mukund Joshi
 http://upagripardarshi.gov.in/staticpages/RabiMakka2.aspx
 www.fao.org
 www.researchgate.net
 https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/cereals/maize-kharif#TYPESOFVARIETIES
 Fundamentals of agriculture - Vol. 1 and 2 - Arun Katyayan
 https://www.indiastat.com/agriculture-data/2/agricultural-production/225/maize/17199/stats.aspx
 https://naarm.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Assessment-of-the-Maize-Situation-outlook-
and-investment-opportunities-in-India.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260995060_Global_maize_production_utilization_and_
consumption#:~:text=Maize%20contains%20approximately%2072%25%20starch,717%20millio
n%20metric%20tons%2Fyear.
 https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Maize.htm

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