Pppt of population

1. Name:Shekhar Manohar Jadhav
Roll no.210054
Class:FYBA
Topic: Behviorism
Sub: Psychology

2. INTRODUCTION OF BEHVIORISM
▪ An attempt to make psychology more
scientific by studying only external behavior
▪ Behavior: response of an organism to stimuli;
objective & observable
▪ The study of how environmental stimuli bring
about changes in people’s behaviors
▪ Behaviorists ignore what goes on inside our
mind since it can’t be seen or measured
Mind is a “black box”

3. •According to Behaviorists, we are born as:
•“blank slates” one’s environment writes on; “vessels” to pour
knowledge into
•“lumps of clay” that can be shaped by one’s environment
•Believed the environment (extrinsic forces) is the only thing that
matters
•Learning = Behavior change due to experience
•Doesn’t consider/believe in intrinsic motivation

4. HISTORY OF BEHVIORSM
 Very popular in U.S. before Piaget and
Vygotsky’s writings were translated and brought
here
• Behaviorism via Thorndike beat out John
Dewey’s theories to become the dominant
theory in U.S.
• U.S. schools were structured after Behaviorism
rather than Dewey’s model
• Americans very interested in a scientific way to
parent and educate

5. •History of Behaviorism: Watson
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,
and my own special world to bring them up in and
I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train
him to be any type of specialist I
might select – a doctor, a lawyer,
artist…”
- John B. Watson 1924

6. Classical Conditioning
Explains learning of involuntary emotional &/or
physiological responses
• Happens when two stimuli are presented at the same
time
• Being kicked by a horse; associating horse with kick;
severe anxiety around horses
• Important for teachers since school can cause
unintentional learning through classical conditioning,
especially anxiety
• Test anxiety, general school anxiety, fear, frustration,
humiliation

7. Examples of Classical Conditioning
Hearing a teacher, friend, boy/girlfriend say to
you, “We need to talk”
• Upon hearing this phrase your stomach“flutters”
• Any of your own examples?
• The point is, we learn to associate a stimulus with a
response, & eventually our body does this
automatically in the presence of the stimulus. Our
response is involuntary.

8. Consequences for Behaviors
 Positive Reinforcement – You behave in a way that
results in a reward – so you are more likely to repeat that
behavior
• Negative Reinforcement – You behave in a way that
results in the removal of something unpleasant – so you
are more likely to repeat that behavior (ex: doing a paper
early)
• In both cases, something happened that you saw as
“good” and as a result, you exhibited the behavior more.

9. Negative Reinforcement & Punishment
 Negative reinforcement: Something unpleasant
is removed & as a result you are more likely to
do it again
• You see this as “good”
• Punishment: A consequence happens that you
don’t like and you are less likely to do it again.
The punishment can add something or take
something away.
• You see this as “bad”

10. •Behaviorism & Education
• Focus on Rewards & Punishments
• Classroom Management
• External rather than Internal Motivation
• Incremental View of Learning
• Learning broken down into small chunks
• Ex: must pass part 1 before beginning part 2
• Repetition to strengthen stimulus response bonds – “Drill
& Practice” activities
• Mastery Learning
• Focused on the Individual rather than Social

11. Motivation in Behaviorism
External motivation only
• Skinner didn’t believe in internal motivation
• We do things only for a reward or to avoid
punishment
• Grades
• Praise
• Stickers
• Money
• Social Status