Dissertation presentation, a technical talk on my work involving the design, fabrication, analysis, indoor and outdoor characterisation BICPV.

1. Manufacture and
Testing of Building
Integrated
Concentrating
Photovoltaic system
SHARATH KUMAR
670064358
RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
UNDER THE SUPERVISON OF Dr. HASAN BAIG

2. 1. BIPV
2. BICPV
3. ACPC
4. METHODOLOGY AND FABRICATION
5. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF
PARALLEL SMALLER MODULE
6. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF SERIES
SMALLER MODULE
7. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF SERIES
LARGER MODULE
8. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE
9. INFLUENCE OF TILT ANGLE
10.COST OF THE PROJECT
11.ECONOMICS AND PERFORMANCE OF
THE MODULE
CONTENTS

3. 1. Buildings contribute to the global energy
balance accounting for 20-30% of total
primary energy consumption of
industrialized countries.
2. In recent times BIPV has gained popularity
due to architectural and economical
aspects, with replacing the conventional
building materials BIPV are also able to
power household appliances and extra
power is fed into the grid during excessive
production.
BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAICS

4. 1) They require no additional land for installation as
the building component is mounted. Densely
populated urban and sub urban areas can be
highly benefitted.
2) Can avoid the additional infrastructure needed for
the installation of PV modules.
3) Transmission and distribution loss of electricity
can be minimized because of the on-site power
generation to use in the building.
4) Can provide power to major household appliances
during peak time, thus reducing electricity bills.
5) Can improve aesthetic appearance of the building
with cosmetic layer of PV modules in an
innovative way.
ADVANTAGES OF BIPV

5. 1. Building integrated concentrating photovoltaic (BICPV) are an
alternative to BIPV essentially lower cost of energy output and
thereby minimizing the payback period.
2. The BICPV system is an integration of intelligent optics into the
BIPV system to maximize the solar radiation falling on the solar
cell.
3. The optical components referred to as concentrators make use of
the refractive/ reflective principles of the optics, individual or in
combination for concentrating the light.
BUILDING INTEGRATED
CONCENTRATING PHOTO VOLTAICS

6. TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS
(a) Tubular absorbers with diffuse
back reflector
(b) plane receiver with plane
reflector
(c) Asymmetric compound
parabolic concentrator.
(d) Parabolic concentrator
(e) Fresnel lens
(f) Heliostat

7. 1. Asymmetric Compound parabolic concentrator (ACPC)
are a better choice for integration into the buildings
compared to the stationary concentrator.
2. The Compound parabolic concentrator with non-
symmetrical design, i.e. with different acceptance half
angles of the two parabolas, is termed as an
Asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator.
3. ACPC can potentially be designed for a range of
acceptance angle and with a specific geometric
concentration.
4. Further, studies show that 40% of solar radiation are
captured by the concentrators even when the incident
rays are outside the acceptance angle range.
ASYMMETRIC COMPOUND
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATOR

8. DESIGN OF
CONCENTRATOR
1. Asymmetric element designed
for a 10mm wide and 12 mm
length solar cell.
2. Placed parallel to each other and
they sit on the solar cell with
acceptance angle of 0o and 40o.
3. The intersection of the 2
parabolas is truncated resulting
in a geometric concentration of
2.5 and the height of 20mm.
4. There is a significant change in
the acceptance angle due to the
truncation enabling capture of
sun rays at 0o and 750.

9. 1. The mould is made of high density
Aluminium and is of the dimension 225
mm X 140 mmX8mm.
2. The aluminium cast has a fine polished
surface mirror finish and prevents the
casting resin mixture from adhering to
the surface of the mould.
3. Aluminium Mirror finished thin plates are
used to cover the sides of the mould.
4. The mould contains 7 concentrators
parallel to each other. Rivets are used to
hold the aluminium glass plates firmly
and cover the mould.
DESIGN OF MOULD

10. 1. Clear Polyurethane material Crystal Clear ™® 200
possesses excellent transmission and dielectric
properties; It is water white clear and exhibits
great clarity.
2. They are resistant to UV light and are not brittle in
nature.
3. The refractive index of the obtained cured cast is
close to 1.5 which is closet to air.
4. The part A and B are mixed in the ratio of 100:90
by weight and degassed for 5 minutes to eliminate
air bubbles.
5. The solution is then poured into the mould from
one side of the surface of the mould a continuous
flow is maintained to avoid air bubbles forming
inside the cast.
PREPARATION OF DIELECRTREIC
SOLUTION

11. 1. Passive emitter and rear contact (PERC) type
solar cells manufactured by TALESUN are
etched by a laser cutter.
2. . The cells are extremely fragile but carry a
maximum efficiency of 19-20%.
3. Front and rear surface losses are controlled
by a passivation treatment that remove
defects in the atomic structure on the
silicone surface allowing more efficient
extraction of energy from solar cell thereby
improvising the solar cell efficiency.
SOLAR CELL SELECTION

12. SOLDERING TECHNIQUE
1. Soldering is done on the 12cm * 1 cm solar cell
using the flux dispenser and the hot air blower.
2. The flux from the dispenser is dispensed at 23 Psi.
3. Hot air is then introduced to the tabbing wire from
a fair distance ensuring there is contact with cell
and the tabbing wire.
4. The cell voltage is checked under indoor light with
a multi meter and are qualified primarily by
inspection. Cells ranging from 480-540 V undergo
the next test using Wacom Sun Solar Simulator.

13. 1. The series of all the 6 cells connected which is flat solar module without the concentrator
produces Isc, Voc and FF are 438.56mA, 3.776V and FF of 0.789 respectively.
2. Imax and Vmax are 422.424mA and 3.103V respectively. The theoretical Voc expected from the
circuit is about, 3.791V which is 0.39 %
3. The Vmax is 17.8% lesser than Voc; Imax is 3.67% times lesser than Isc. The sharp curve is due
to noises in the system and has no effect on the values obtained. The overall electrical
efficiency of the system is 18.21%.

14. Angle of
inclination in
degrees
Maximum power
(mW)
-30 693.801
-25 979.965
-20 1140.259
-15 1473.864
-10 1567.288
0 2301.44
5 2596.494
10 2702.712
15 2651.951
20 2560.323
25 2490.103
30 2398.935
35 2283.161
40 2116.734
45 1706.973
50 1052.654
Isc Voc Pm Ipm Vpm F.F.
902.9
3926.2
61
2702.7
12
853.47
3
3166.7
23 0.762

15. 1. Imax of 0.851A is seen at a tilt angle of 100 when
the module is not double glazed.
2. The current drops to 0.229A at a tilt of -300(larger
parabola oriented to the left of the light source).
3. 3.71 times increase in the current can be seen
when the module is tilted at an angle of 10o
4. Current lies between 800mA to 900mA when the
module is tilted between 5o to 250. Between the
range of 300 to 500 the current produced is
between the range of 650mA to 700mA.
5. Imax that can be derived for negative tilt is 667mA
which is 21.6% lesser than the current that could
be produced at 100 tilt.

16. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
PowermW
Voltage mV
PV variation with respect to tilt angle
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bigger parabola facing east
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
The area under 100 tilt has the
maximum area in the graph. The PV
curve shrinks to least area for -30o.

17. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
POWERmW
INCIDENCE ANGLE
Maximum power (mW)
Maximum power (mW)

18. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
PowermW
CurrentmA
Voltage mV
PV and IV curve comparison
series circuit IV curve
0 degree smaller parabola to left IV curve
15 degee IV curve
series circuit PV curve
0 degree smaller parabola to left pV curve
15 degree PV curve
The series smaller
module produces the
maximum power of
2.702 at 100w/cm2
irradiance at a tilt angle
of 150.
This is 23.703% more
power than what the
module produces at 00
incidence angle and
51.48% or 2.06 times
more than the power
produced by a flat plate
module using the same
solar cell.

19. Tilt Isc Voc Pm Ipm Vpm
0 bigger parabola towards left 631.087 3891.682 2016.519 617.128 3267.587
0 smaller parabola towards left 621.9 3896.602 2006.745 607.348 3304.108
5 809.791 3915.509 2519.132 787.1 3200.522
10 862.029 3936.837 2623.544 826.342 3174.888
15 872.628 3925.323 2628.764 830.662 3164.661
20 846.953 3912.966 2559.688 813.224 3147.58
25 816.723 3897.842 2432.162 781.549 3111.976
30 771.86 3900.805 2337.611 742.547 3148.097
35 720.398 3893.973 2201.22 691.607 3182.759
40 660.105 3872.618 1997.971 637.223 3135.432
45 516.127 3830.847 1621.04 503.422 3220.044
50 323.922 3747.943 990.8 314.777 3147.629
55 258.632 3685.016 757.904 247.717 3059.563
60 178.12 3626.151 522.721 167.913 3113.049
65 120.1 3559.581 344.098 111.893 3075.228
70 77.821 3474.325 215.51 70.752 3046.004
-5 520.5 3837.053 1604.776 506.11 3170.808
-10 488.6 3822.565 1483.225 468.107 3168.556
-15 434.808 3797.423 1307.239 413.037 3164.942
-20 382.058 3770.983 1158.035 369.324 3135.55
-25 329.6 3742.678 999.566 317.492 3148.316
-30 262.363 3700.239 792.424 252.794 3134.659
-35 199.478 3646.84 599.131 193.019 3103.991
-40 134.689 3594.116 411.021 131.064 3136.042
-45 78.659 3511.14 238.282 75.939 3137.799
-50 33.99 3408.434 99.626 32.206 3093.387
-55 24.734 3361.227 70.984 23.011 3084.844
The change in power after double
glazing at 150 tilt is 2.628W
compared to 2.702W when the
module is unglazed.
Although the glass used for
double glazing serves the best
with great transmittance, there is
a 2.73% decrease in the power
output at 150 because of the
absorption and reflection of the
light from the encapsulated
toughened glass.

20. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
CurrentmA
Volatage mV
IV curve variation with respect to tilt angle
bigger parabola towards left
smaller parabola towards left
5 degree
10 degee
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
The graph shows that at tilt angle
150 the Isc and Voc have their peak
value.
The double-glazed solar module
performs the best between the range
of 50 to 250 with average current
above 800mA and a voltage of 3.8 to
3.9V.
There is an incremental drop in
current at inclination angle more
than 250 and the current reads the
least of 78mA at a tilt of 700.

21. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
PowermW
Voltage mV
PV curve variation with respect to tilt angle
bigger parabola towards left smaller parabola towards left
5 degree 10 degee
15 20
25 30
35 40
45 50
55 60
65 70
-5 -10
-15 -20
-25 -30
-35 -40
-45 -50
-55

22. 3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000VoltagemV
Inclination angle
Variation of voltage with respect to tilt angle

23. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
CurrentmA
Tilt angle
Variation of current with respect to tilt angle
There is a 35 time increase in the
current produced when the solar
module is inclined at 15 degree
when compared to the inclination
of 55 degree for an orientation
when the larger parabola is facing
toward the east.
1.4 times increase in the current is
seen when the module is inclined
at 15o when compared to 0o
inclination angle.-

24. Power is maximum at a tilt
angle of 150 and is minimum
at a tilt angle of -550. The
power at 150 is 2.628W
producing a 0.87mA and a
voltage of 3.925V.
The power is 375.42 times
higher at 150 when compared
to power produced at -55o.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
PowermW
Tilt angle
variation of Power with respect to tilt angle

25. Time Pmax(mW) Vmax(mV) Imax(mA) Cell temperature ambient temperature
10 0.467931 0.492876 0.949388 31.6 31.1
20 0.440412 0.466704 0.943663 35.7 32.3
30 0.426828 0.453542 0.941098 40 33.1
40 0.416767 0.442465 0.941921 44.3 33.7
50 0.40767 0.433826 0.939709 48.2 34.1
60 0.398458 0.423832 0.940131 51.8 34.6
70 0.390832 0.418606 0.933651 55.7 35
80 0.382276 0.409366 0.933826 58.3 35.4
90 0.374338 0.404944 0.924419 61.1 35.8
100 0.368119 0.39783 0.925316 64.7 36.2
110 0.362347 0.393805 0.920118 66.9 36.5
120 0.356785 0.390351 0.914012 69.8 36.9

26. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature
Time (min)
variation of temperature with time
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
PowermW
Temperature of the cell 0c
Temperature influence on the Power

27. 0.91
0.915
0.92
0.925
0.93
0.935
0.94
0.945
0.95
0.955
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
CurrentmA
Temperature
variation of current with respect to temperature

28. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
powermW
CurrentmA
Voltage mV
Temerature influence on the solar cell
31.6
69.8
31.6
69.8
The power decreases to 0.356mW
when the cell temperature is 69.80
C ,20.8% less than the power
produced at cell temperature of
31.6o C.

29. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PowermW
CurrentmA
Voltage mV
Comparison of PV and IV curves
IV Curve parallel circuit
IV curve 10 degree without glazing
IV curve 10 degree after glazing
PV curve parallel circuit
PV curve 10 degree without glazing
PV curve10 degree after glazing at

30. 1. The coefficient of temperature for Pmax is -0.48%/0C which is 6.25%
more than that for a flat solar module using monocrystalline solar cell
whose temperature coefficient for power is -0.45%/0c.
2. The concentrators and this increase is 1.06 times higher than that of a
flat solar conventional module.
3. The coefficient of temperature for Imax is -0.14%/0C and coefficient of
temperature for Vmax is -0.63%/0C.
COEFFECIENT OF
TEMPERATURE

31. Item quantity cost (£) total cost (£)
Crystal clear solution 2 316.45 632.9
Etching of cells 1 500 500
Sylgard 1 209 209
Vacuum chamber 1 150 150
solar cells 10 10 100
low iron 4mm
toughened glass
1800mm * 200mm 2 25 50
Low Iron 4mm
Toughened glass 4 12.5 50
Irwin clamps 4 9 36
Primer 1 30 30
Double glazing 2 10 20
Aluminium Tape 1 10 10
Miscellaneous 1 10 10
Super glue 2 3 6
Plastic cups 3 2 6
Paint brush 2 2 4
TOTAL 1813.9

32. Thank you for the opportunity