to get knowledge regarding cardiac knowledge.

1. Cardiac failure

4. Causes
• Coronary arteries disease
• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertension
• Valve disease
• Acute illness
• Diabetic mellitus
• Congenital heart disease

5. Cont…
• Others
• Alcohol consumption
• Smoking
• Family history
• Hemorrhage and surgery
• Pulmonary embolism
• Excessive sodium intake
• Physical and emotional stress

8. • Echocardiogram
• ECG
• Chest x-ray

12. Nursing diagnosis
• Decrease cardiac output related to heart failure.
• Excess fluid volume related to reduce glomerular filtration, decrease cardiac
output, sodium and water retention.
• Impaired gas exchange r/t fluid in alveoli.
• Risk for activity intolerance r/t decrease cardiac output
• Risk of anxiety r/t cardiac output, hypoxia, diagnosis of heart failure and fear of
death.

13. Nursing intervention
• Assess for presence of peripheral edema, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly
and abdominal pain
• Follow low sodium diet or fluid restriction.
• Assess the blood pressure for hypotension or hypertension and respiratory rate for
tachypnea.
• Auscultate breath sound every 2 hours and encourage the client to turn, cough
and deep breathing.
• Note color and temperature of skin 4 hourly and monitor peripheral pulses.
• Increase the client to avoid activities that increase the cardiac workload.
• Provide clam environment and explain in advance all procedures and routine.