2. Culture of Jammu &Kashmir
■ Jammu Kashmir is a diverse blend of various cultures
People from different religious and social practices of
Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist have created a
composite culture of the state which is called
Kashmiriyat. Kashmiri comprises of Kashmiri Pundits,
Kashmiri Muslims, Gujrat and Rajasthani Rajput's.
■ Traditional craftsmanship
Bamboo weaving
Wood crafting
Stone crafting
Silk and cotton weaving
3. CLIMATE
All the three divisions experience a different environment.
■ Kashmir-moderate climate.
■ Jammu -sub-tropical region with abundant sunshine and hot
temperature.
■ Ladakh -cold desert with extreme temperature.
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS :
■ Extreme summer temp reaches to 46˚c- 34˚c –June month.
■ Extreme Winter temp reaches to 4˚c-12˚c and below –January month.
■ Precipitations 340mm from driest to wettest month.
■ Annual temperature-21˚c
4. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN URBAN
■ This state is a multi hazards prone region with natural disasters like
earthquake ,floods ,land sliding ,avalanches ,high velocity wind an snow
flow.
The traditional construction systems of J&K:
■ URBAN-‘Dajji Dewar’ and the ‘Taq’. In both these cases the houses are
Multi Storeyed and single storeyed house.
■ Materials used : Bricks ,wood(timber) ,stones ,mud.
5. ‘Dajji Dewar’ Method:
■ Thinner and lighter form of wall
construction it consists of timber
framing with in fills of brick, and in a few
cases stone masonry.
■ This walls will have greater ductility and
damping.
■ The horizontal and vertical cage formed
by the timber are braced diagonally
against shear.
6. ■ This framing also results in breaking up the upper level
masonry walls into smaller multiple panels.
■ The collapse of any one panel will not result in the
complete collapse of the wall, and therefore the
structure. Small masonry panels surrounded by timber
elements have greater safety against out of plane
collapse.
1st phase of
construction with
timber bracings
2nd phase of
construction filling
stones.
Stones filled in the
infill walls and mud
acts as mortar.
Typical Dajji Dewar
house
8. ‘Taq’ Method:
■ Taq, refers to load bearing masonry
piers with infill walls. In many cases
these are expressed by a different
use of material.
■ The piers may be made of stone and
the infill walls of brick. Timber
runners at each level tie the walls.
■ The infill walls have timber
embedded in them to increase their
elasticity.
9. ■ In this construction 2-3 ft thick brick piers are supporting
the wooden floor beams which is basic structure of the
building
■ The distance between the 2 brick piers used to be 3-4 ft and
was called as TAQ
■ The gap between the each taq is filled with brick masonry or
window
■ The roof comprised a layer of each covering over birch bark
and wooden planks resting on wooden rafters.
a.Casestudy building –fateh kadal school
b. First level of plinth band.
c. Load bearing masonry wall resting on plinth band.
d. Ceiling band receiving floor joist.
e. Floor joists supporting floor diaphragm and floor
band of next floor.
11. DAB
■ Dab is small wooden structure balcony made outside of the the main
body of house
■ A small window which is projected towards the lakes for view in
affordable house and glass window on the far end of the house
HAMAM:
■ It is the system of heating the water and the floor of stone hose room
that is built in large stone. Fire wood is used to heat the water.
KHATAMBAND:
■ It is also popular lattice work like panjrakari. the small piece of
geometrical thin slice of wood are held together to make beautiful
but complicated designs without using nails and glue .
12. TIERED WOOD SHINGLE OR PLANK ROOFING
■ The pyramided roof covering the entire structure was historically ,three tiered and
composed of rafter having planks above ,covered in earlier times with turf then with
shingles .the mud wood shingles roofing that was once used in most structure has
been replaced by the CGI sheeting on account of economical and availability
13. RURAL- construction methods
■ Rural buildings constructed in Kashmir are in a traditional way by the people become an
integral part of the local cultural heritage.
■ They are a manifestation of architectural systems optimized over time for a particular context
with regard to climate, soil or the threat of natural disasters.
Number of building system in various parts of Jammu and
kashmir had developed overtime to accommodate local climate
and cultural factors including the impacts of earthquake.
The buildings have depended completely upon stone, mud,
bricks and wood for roofing as well as walling. Until very
recently, non-local materials did not represent a valid option
for local constructions.
14. ■ Traditional Flat mud roof on timber structure with stone masonry wall
■ Winter is cold which is common in kashmir, Thick walls of brick and stone with mud
plaster provide excellent protection against this, as does a thick mud-timber roof.
■ The lighter, pitched roof made of timber and CGI sheets in combination with the
attic floor also ensures livable conditions inside the house in winter and summer.
■ The steep pitch of the light roof permits little accumulation of snow and prevents
any water leakages.
Flat mud roof on timber structure
