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1. CLASS BS BOTANY
SEMESTER 3rd FINAL TERM
COURSE TITLE DIVERSITY OF
ANIMALS.(VERTEBRATE)
COURSE CODE. ZOOL-604
TEACHER’S NAME MS SHAHIDA AZIZ

2. Herpetology; study of
REPTILES
( Creeping ANIMALS) Known
Species .. 6500

3. REPTILES The FIRST AMNIOTES
EVOLUTIONARY PRESPECTIVE
Vertebrates have four different extraembryonic
membranes:
• the chorion,
• the amnion.
• the allantois,
• the yolk sac,
In vertebrates that lay eggs, the chorion is the
outermost membrane and lines the inside of the
egg shell. The allantois is a sac-like
extraembryonic membrane that removes waste
from the embryo.

4. CLASS REPTILIAN
Familiar Living Reptiles Are Classified Into Four Orders:
• Oder Chelonia , Testudines (having a shell)
• Oder Crocodilia (Crocodiles)
• Oder Squamata (scaly) Snakes, Lizards
• Oder Rhynchocephalia Sphenodon punctatum
(Tuatara)

5. ORDER – CROCODILIA
• Aquatic reptiles
• Snout is elongated.Nostrils are at the tip of snout.
• Skin thick with bony plates and scutes
• Limbs are clawed and webbed
• Males have one intromittent organ
• Teeths are latearlly compresed.homodont.
• Heart completely 4 chambered
• Examples-gharial, alligator and crocodile

6. • TESTUDINES mean having a shell
• Body enclosed in a dorsal carapace and ventral plastron made of
dermal bony plates
• Size ranges from 8cm to 200cm (over 6 feet)
• Teeth absent jaws with horny beaks
• Single nasal opening
• Limbs of aquatic forms modified into paddles
• Short tail
• Sternum is absent
• Cloacal respiration
• Longest lifespan
• Marine turties, fresh-water terrapins and terrestrial tortoises
ORDER TESTO
UDINES OR CHELONIA

7. ORDER-RHYNCHOCEPHALIA
• Single species sphenodon punctatus (tuatara) of New
Zealand
• Skin with scales and mid dorsal row of spine
• Vestigial pineal eye present in parietal foramen
• Teeth acrodont(two rows of teeth,upper and lower jaw
• Eggs hatches in 13 months
• Living fossils

8. • Lizards and snakes chameleon,geckos included
• Suborder sauria – lizards
• Suborder ophidia / serpentine – snakes
• Size from 10 cm to 10m long like python and anaconda.
• Most lizards and snakes are carnivores.
• More than 200 vertebrae and with pairs of ribs
• Jacobson organ (gustatory and olfactory organ) present
in the roof of mouth
• Horny epidermal scales
• Teeth acrodont or pleurodont
• Male with double copulatory organ (hemipenes)
ORDER – SQUAMATA(scaly)