This sort of hazardous garbage includes radioactive substances known as radioactive waste. Nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power production, rare-earth mining, and nuclear weapons reprocessing all produce radioactive waste. Government authorities control the storage and disposal of radioactive waste to safeguard both human health and the environment. In general, it is divided into low-level waste (LLW), intermediate-level waste (ILW), and high-level waste (HLW). LLW includes things like paper and rags; ILW includes things like tools and clothing, and HLW includes things like highly radioactive and hot decay heat that requires cooling and shielding.
In general, it is divided into low-level waste (LLW), intermediate-level waste (ILW), and high-level waste (HLW). LLW includes things like paper and rags; ILW includes things like tools and clothing, and HLW includes things like highly radioactive and hot decay heat that requires cooling and shielding. About 96 percent of spent nuclear fuel is recycled in nuclear-reprocessing facilities into uranium-based and mixed oxide (MOX) fuels. Fission products, which account for the remaining 4%, are very radioactive High-Level Waste. Storage facilities are used to keep the radioactive material safe for a long enough time so that it does not represent an immediate threat.
Source of the Radioactive Waste:
A variety of sources produce radioactive waste. The nuclear fuel chain and nuclear weapons manufacturing generate vast waste in nations with nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear fuel treatment facilities. Aside from natural radioactive materials (NORM) that may be concentrated in coal, oil, gas production or consumption, and certain minerals, other sources include medical waste and industrial waste.
Classification of the Radioactive Waste:
In each nation, radioactive waste is classified differently. An important role is played by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which produces the Radioactive Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS). The percentage of garbage created in the United Kingdom by different material categories.
• Low-Level Waste (LLW)-94%
• Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW) ~6%
• High-Level Waste (HLW)- <1%
1. Low-Level-Waste (LLW)
In addition to nuclear fuel cycles, low-level waste (LLW) is created in hospitals and industries. Paper, rags, tools, clothes, and filters are examples of low-level waste because they contain minuscule levels of radioactivity, most of which have a short half-life. Even though there is only a distant potential for contamination with radioactive elements, goods originating from any portion of an active area are routinely categorized as LLW as a preventive measure. Non-active material, such as a regular office complex, often has no more significant radioactivity than expected from such LLW. Medical tubes, animal corpses, wiping cloths, and more are all examples of LLW. LLW waste accounts for 94% of the UK's total radioactive waste volume.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Nuclear Waste: Introduction to its ManagementAM Publications
Nuclear waste is a waste product containing radioactive decay material. It is usually the product of a
nuclear process such as nuclear fission, though industries not directly connected to the nuclear power industry may
also produce radioactive waste. Radioactivity diminishes over time, so in principle the waste needs to be isolated for a
period of time until it no longer poses a hazard. The main approaches to managing radioactive waste to date have
been segregation and storage for short-lived wastes, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level wastes,
and deep burial or transmutation for the long-lived, high-level wastes. The main objective in managing and disposing
of radioactive (or other) waste is to protect people and the environment. This study initially focused on how nuclear
power affects the surrounding environment. Also this paper presents various types of waste generation, storage and
transportation. Finally this paper demonstrates that the treatment options for nuclear waste.
Exempt waste & very low level wasteExempt waste and very low level.pdfANANDSALESINDIA105
Exempt waste & very low level waste
Exempt waste and very low level waste (VLLW) contains radioactive materials at a level which
is not considered harmful to people or the surrounding environment. It consists mainly of
demolished material (such as concrete, plaster, bricks, metal, valves, piping etc) produced during
rehabilitation or dismantling operations on nuclear industrial sites. Other industries, such as food
processing, chemical, steel etc also produce VLLW as a result of the concentration of natural
radioactivity present in certain minerals used in their manufacturing processes (see also
information page on Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials). The waste is therefore
disposed of with domestic refuse, although countries such as France are currently developing
facilities to store VLLW in specifically designed VLLW disposal facilities.
Low-level waste
Low-level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear fuel
cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters etc, which contain small amounts of mostly
short-lived radioactivity. It does not require shielding during handling and transport and is
suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before
disposal. It comprises some 90% of the volume but only 1% of the radioactivity of all radioactive
waste.
Intermediate-level waste
Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity and some requires
shielding. It typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and metal fuel cladding, as well as
contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. Smaller items and any non-solids may be
solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. It makes up some 7% of the volume and has 4% of
the radioactivity of all radwaste. By definition, its radioactive decay generates heat of less than
about 2 kW/m3 so does not require heating to be taken into account in design of storage or
disposal facilities.
High-level waste
High-level waste (HLW) arises from the \'burning\' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. HLW
contains the fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly
radioactive and hot due to decay heat, so requires cooling and shielding. It has thermal power
above about 2 kW/m3 and can be considered as the \'ash\' from \'burning\' uranium. HLW
accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the process of electricity generation.
There are two distinct kinds of HLW:
HLW has both long-lived and short-lived components, depending on the length of time it will
take for the radioactivity of particular radionuclides to decrease to levels that are considered no
longer hazardous for people and the surrounding environment. If generally short-lived fission
products can be separated from long-lived actinides, this distinction becomes important in
management and disposal of HLW.
HLW is a major focus of attention regarding nuclear power, and is managed accordi.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Nuclear Waste: Introduction to its ManagementAM Publications
Nuclear waste is a waste product containing radioactive decay material. It is usually the product of a
nuclear process such as nuclear fission, though industries not directly connected to the nuclear power industry may
also produce radioactive waste. Radioactivity diminishes over time, so in principle the waste needs to be isolated for a
period of time until it no longer poses a hazard. The main approaches to managing radioactive waste to date have
been segregation and storage for short-lived wastes, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level wastes,
and deep burial or transmutation for the long-lived, high-level wastes. The main objective in managing and disposing
of radioactive (or other) waste is to protect people and the environment. This study initially focused on how nuclear
power affects the surrounding environment. Also this paper presents various types of waste generation, storage and
transportation. Finally this paper demonstrates that the treatment options for nuclear waste.
Exempt waste & very low level wasteExempt waste and very low level.pdfANANDSALESINDIA105
Exempt waste & very low level waste
Exempt waste and very low level waste (VLLW) contains radioactive materials at a level which
is not considered harmful to people or the surrounding environment. It consists mainly of
demolished material (such as concrete, plaster, bricks, metal, valves, piping etc) produced during
rehabilitation or dismantling operations on nuclear industrial sites. Other industries, such as food
processing, chemical, steel etc also produce VLLW as a result of the concentration of natural
radioactivity present in certain minerals used in their manufacturing processes (see also
information page on Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials). The waste is therefore
disposed of with domestic refuse, although countries such as France are currently developing
facilities to store VLLW in specifically designed VLLW disposal facilities.
Low-level waste
Low-level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear fuel
cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters etc, which contain small amounts of mostly
short-lived radioactivity. It does not require shielding during handling and transport and is
suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before
disposal. It comprises some 90% of the volume but only 1% of the radioactivity of all radioactive
waste.
Intermediate-level waste
Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity and some requires
shielding. It typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and metal fuel cladding, as well as
contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. Smaller items and any non-solids may be
solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. It makes up some 7% of the volume and has 4% of
the radioactivity of all radwaste. By definition, its radioactive decay generates heat of less than
about 2 kW/m3 so does not require heating to be taken into account in design of storage or
disposal facilities.
High-level waste
High-level waste (HLW) arises from the \'burning\' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. HLW
contains the fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly
radioactive and hot due to decay heat, so requires cooling and shielding. It has thermal power
above about 2 kW/m3 and can be considered as the \'ash\' from \'burning\' uranium. HLW
accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the process of electricity generation.
There are two distinct kinds of HLW:
HLW has both long-lived and short-lived components, depending on the length of time it will
take for the radioactivity of particular radionuclides to decrease to levels that are considered no
longer hazardous for people and the surrounding environment. If generally short-lived fission
products can be separated from long-lived actinides, this distinction becomes important in
management and disposal of HLW.
HLW is a major focus of attention regarding nuclear power, and is managed accordi.
Today one of the major challenges facing by mankind is to provide proper management for radioactive waste management. Any industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes. Another unique feature of the radioactive waste is the decay of radioactivity with time. This fact is gainfully exploited by the nuclear waste managers. The NRC regulates the management,storage and di sposal of radioactive waste produced as a result of NRC - licensed activities. The agency has entered in to agreements with 32 states,called Agreement States,to allow these states to regulate the management,storage and disposal of certain nuclear waste. A ny industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequ ent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
Save Our Environment, Stop Nuclear Energy UsageSourish Jana
Spread this presentation by sharing to everyone so that the adverse effect of Nuclear Fission can be stopped otherwise the end of the days after tomorrow will come soon.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Today one of the major challenges facing by mankind is to provide proper management for radioactive waste management. Any industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes. Another unique feature of the radioactive waste is the decay of radioactivity with time. This fact is gainfully exploited by the nuclear waste managers. The NRC regulates the management,storage and di sposal of radioactive waste produced as a result of NRC - licensed activities. The agency has entered in to agreements with 32 states,called Agreement States,to allow these states to regulate the management,storage and disposal of certain nuclear waste. A ny industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequ ent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
Save Our Environment, Stop Nuclear Energy UsageSourish Jana
Spread this presentation by sharing to everyone so that the adverse effect of Nuclear Fission can be stopped otherwise the end of the days after tomorrow will come soon.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
2. Radioactive Waste:
This sort of hazardous garbage includes radioactive substances known as radioactive waste.
Nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power production, rare-earth mining, and nuclear weapons
reprocessing all produce radioactive waste. Government authorities control the storage and disposal of
radioactive waste to safeguard both human health and the environment. In general, it is divided into low-
level waste (LLW), intermediate-level waste (ILW), and high-level waste (HLW). LLW includes things
like paper and rags; ILW includes things like tools and clothing, and HLW includes things like highly
radioactive and hot decay heat that requires cooling and shielding.
In general, it is divided into low-level waste (LLW), intermediate-level waste (ILW), and high-
level waste (HLW). LLW includes things like paper and rags; ILW includes things like tools and clothing,
and HLW includes things like highly radioactive and hot decay heat that requires cooling and shielding.
About 96 percent of spent nuclear fuel is recycled in nuclear-reprocessing facilities into uranium-based
and mixed oxide (MOX) fuels. Fission products, which account for the remaining 4%, are very
radioactive High-Level Waste. Storage facilities are used to keep the radioactive material safe for a long
enough time so that it does not represent an immediate threat.
Source of the Radioactive Waste:
A variety of sources produce radioactive waste. The nuclear fuel chain and nuclear weapons
manufacturing generate vast waste in nations with nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear
fuel treatment facilities. Aside from natural radioactive materials (NORM) that may be concentrated in
coal, oil, gas production or consumption, and certain minerals, other sources include medical waste and
industrial waste.
Classification of the Radioactive Waste:
In each nation, radioactive waste is classified differently. An important role is played by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which produces the Radioactive Waste Safety Standards
(RADWASS). The percentage of garbage created in the United Kingdom by different material categories.
• Low-Level Waste (LLW)-94%
• Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW) ~6%
• High-Level Waste (HLW)- <1%
1. Low-Level-Waste (LLW)
In addition to nuclear fuel cycles, low-level waste (LLW) is created in hospitals and industries. Paper,
rags, tools, clothes, and filters are examples of low-level waste because they contain minuscule levels of
radioactivity, most of which have a short half-life. Even though there is only a distant potential for
contamination with radioactive elements, goods originating from any portion of an active area are
routinely categorized as LLW as a preventive measure. Non-active material, such as a regular office
complex, often has no more significant radioactivity than expected from such LLW. Medical tubes,
animal corpses, wiping cloths, and more are all examples of LLW. LLW waste accounts for 94% of the
UK's total radioactive waste volume.
3. 2. Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW)
To put it another way, intermediate-level waste (ILW) is more radioactive than low-level waste. It is
usually shielded, but it does not need to be cooled. Resins, chemical sludge, metal nuclear fuel cladding,
and decommissioned reactor contamination are all examples of intermediate-level waste. It may be
incorporated into concrete or asphalt or combined with silica sand and calcined for disposal. Reactor
waste that is less than a year old is often buried in shallow repositories, whereas waste that is more than a
year old is typically buried in geological repositories.
This kind of garbage is not defined in the United States, although it is used in Europe and internationally.
An estimated 6% of the UK's radioactive waste is generated via ILW.
3. High-Level Waste (HLW)
Nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel reprocessing generate high-level waste (HLW). HLW is a term with
different meanings in different parts of the world. Nuclear fuel rods are designated HLW after completing
one fuel cycle and are removed from the core. The reactor core generates fission products and transuranic
elements, primarily found in the spent fuel rods. The radioactivity and temperature of spent fuel are two
of their most egregious characteristics. Over 95% of the overall radioactivity generated in nuclear power
production is HLW, yet it contributes less than 1% of the volume of all radioactive waste produced in the
UK. Overall, the UK's 60-year nuclear program generated 2150 m3
of HLW between 1957 and 2019.
Cesium-137 and strontium-90 are the most common radioactive elements found in used fuel rod waste,
although Plutonium, classified as transuranic waste, may also be present. These radioactive elements'
half-lives may vary significantly. A few radioactive substances have half-lives of 30 years or more. On
the other hand, Plutonium has a half-life of up to 24,000 years. Every year, the quantity of HLW around
the globe grows by around 12,000 tones. The annual output of spent nuclear fuel (unprocessed) from a
1000-megawatt nuclear power station is about 27 tons. To put this into perspective, it is estimated that
coal power stations in the United States create 130,000,000 metric tons of ash each year and that fly ash
releases 100 times as much radiation as a comparable nuclear power plant does.
As of 2010, it was projected that 250,000 metric tons of high-level nuclear waste (HLW) were stashed
across the world. Accidents or testing may have resulted in some of this being released into the
environment. There are now 17,000 tons of HLW in Japan's storage facilities. The United States now
possesses about 90,000 t of hazardous waste (HLW). Nuclear waste has been sent abroad for storage or
processing and returned to the United States as a kind of active fuel in certain circumstances. Nuclear
power's worldwide development is hampered by the continuous debate over properly disposing of high-
level radioactive waste. The primary long-term option, according to the majority of experts, is deep
geological burial, whether in a mine or a deep borehole. As of 2019, there is no specific civilian high-
level nuclear waste (HLW) facility in operation because of the low volume of HLW. Construction of
Finland's Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository, which is scheduled to open in 2025 at a depth of 400–450
m, is at an advanced level. A 500 m deep Cigeo facility near Bure, France, is developing. Forsmark is a
potential location for a Swedish base. Near Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada, it intends to build a 680 m
deep facility for nuclear power. In 2028, the Republic of Korea intends to establish a facility. As of 2020,
the location in Sweden has 80% approval from the local population.
4. References:
1. The Geological Society of London - Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. www.geolsoc.org.uk.
Retrieved 2020-03-12.
2. The Joint Convention. IAEA. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28.
3. What about Iodine-129 – Half-Life is 15 Million Years. Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring
Forum. University of California. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.
Retrieved 1 December 2012.
4. Attix, Frank (1986). Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry. New York: Wiley-
VCH. pp. 2–15, 468, 474. ISBN 978-0-471-01146-0.
5. Anderson, Mary; Woessner, William (1992). Applied Groundwater Modeling. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press Inc. pp. 325–327. ISBN 0-12-059485-4.
6. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the
ICRP. ICRP publication 103. 37 (2–4). 2007. ISBN 978-0-7020-3048-2. Archived from the original on
2012-11-16.