This document provides an overview of the petroleum system of the Bengal Basin, which covers Bangladesh and parts of India. It discusses the basin's geological setting, stratigraphy, tectonic evolution, and three petroleum provinces - the Eastern Fold Belt, Central Foredeep, and Northwestern Stable Shelf/Platform. The key points are: - The Bengal Basin was formed during the breakup of Gondwanaland in the Cretaceous period. - It has over 20km of sedimentary deposits and multiple petroleum systems in Miocene sands. - The Eastern Fold Belt contains the majority of Bangladesh's gas fields in structures like anticlines. - The Central Foredeep is also

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MD. SHAHADAT HOSSAIN
Roll : 324
4th Year
Course No. : GS- 406
Course Title : Petroleum Geology
An overview of petroleum system of the
Bengal Basin

2. 1. Introduction
The Bengal basin is the largest fluvio-deltaic sedimentary system on Earth which is
located in the Himalayan foreland at the junction of the Indian, Eurasian and
Burmese plates. It is broadly divided into a stable shelf and a foredeep separated by
a deep seismic hinge zone. The narrow elongated hinge zone separates the thick
post Eocene sediments in the east from the shelf zone of the west. The Bengal
Basin covers whole of Bangladesh and part of India and it is bordered with three
sides by India and one small side (southeast) by Myanmar.
Bangladesh is located at the confluence of the Ganges, Meghna and Jamuna
(Brahmaputra) rivers. These great river systems have deposited more than 20 km
of sediments in the northern Bengal basin which comprises the greater part of
Bangladesh. This sedimentary stack hosts multiple petroleum systems whose
hydrocarbons are presently reserved mostly in Miocene sands. Bangladesh is
bordered to the west and northwest by Jurassic-early Cretaceous volcanic trap
rocks of the Rajmahal Hills which is underlain by Precambrian shield and
Gondwana sediments. On the northeast the basin is bordered by the Shillong
plateau where the shield reappears. The eastern border is formed by the Tertiary
Sylhet and Chittagong Hills, up to 2,000 ft high, which constitute part of the Indo-
Burman ranges. The tectonic and sedimentary history of Bangladesh is favorable
for hydrocarbon accumulation. The basin is an underexplored region of 207,000 sq
km where only 52 exploratory wells have been drilled with a success rate of more
than 30%. In addition to the folded belt in the east, where gas and some oil have
been found, the Garo-Rajmahal gap to the north and the deep sea fan to the south
merit detailed exploration using state of the art technology.
To determine the petroleum system of Bengal Basin we must evaluate the source
rock type, reservoir rock type, migration time and route, seal rock and trap. On the
other hand we should also be aware of the tectonic evolution and depositional
history of the basin.

3. Figure 1: Geographic location of the Bengal Basin.
Bengal Basin
INDIA
MYANMAR
BANGLADESH

4. 2.Geological Settings
Bangladesh as part of the Bengal basin was formed as a result of the late
Mesozoic fragmentation of eastern Gondwana on an Atlantic type margin along
the northeastern boundary of the Indian plate. The continental crust of the
Bengal basin is separated from the oceanic crust along a northeast-southwest
striking hinge zone marked by the Calcutta-Mymensingh gravity high.
The Geological setting of Bangladesh is described under the following
headings:
2.1 Tectonic Settings:
2.1.1 Formation of the Bengal Basin
The Bengal Basin in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent covers
Bangladesh, parts of West Bengal and Tripura States of India and the Bay of
Bengal. Collision of India with Eurasian plate caused uplift of the Himalaya.
Figure 2: Formation of the Himalaya and the Bengal Basin.
BB

5. During the Early Carboniferous time the supercontinent Pangaea formed.
During Late Carboniferous the Gondwanaland was fully covered by Ice and
deposition of Talchir boulder bed as glacier deposits. During Permian the great
extinction occurred and in Triassic period, Pangaea began to rift apart. During
the Late Cretaceous Pangaea finally started to break up and new Ocean (Tethys
Sea) began to open.
During Early Cretaceous Indian plate was being separated from the
Gondwanaland and thus formation of deeper part (new ocean) within the Indian
plate. During the periods of Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous the Bengal Basin
was formed.
Figure 3: Breakup of Pangaea through Gondwanaland.
2.1.2 Tectonic Evolution of the Bengal Basin
The Bengal Basin has experienced a series of evolutionary phases throughout
its history of a very short geological time since the Permian. The basin didn’t
exist prior to the Cretaceous period. Instead its position was occupied by the
continental blocks of the Gondwanaland. The breakup of Gondwanaland began

6. by rifting along the edges of the continental India. Due to the counter clockwise
rotation of the Indian Plate, at some time after the initial collision with Tibet the
ocean basin in the east gradually began to close in a northeast to southwest
(oblique subduction) direction. As a result, the remnant basin was left in the
early Neogene as a remnant ocean basin and continued with this status till the
end of the Miocene period.
Figure 4: Evolutionary phases of Bengal Basin from Permian to Recent.
Plate tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin is directly related to the
development of the northern Indian Ocean starting with the intercontinental
break up of eastern Gondwanaland (India, Australia and Antarctica) and
ultimate collision of the Indian plate with the Tibetan and Burma plates. It is
believed that India rifted from the combined Antarctica-Australia part of
Gondwanaland and began its spectacular journey initially north-westward and
then northward, sometimes in Early Cretaceous.
The tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin can be divided into four major
stages such as:-
a) Syndrift stage: During Permo-Carboniferous time the north western part of
Bangladesh was a part of the eastern Gondwana which included India, Australia
and Antarctica. The south-eastern part of Bangladesh did not exist in that time
(Fig 5A).

7. b) Drifting stage: In Early Cretaceous time the Gondwana started to break up
by rifting along the edges of the continental India, Africa, Australia; then India
started to separate from combined Australia and Antarctica. The Bengal Basin
was initiated during this time (Cretaceous) with the rifting of the Indian plate
from Antarctica (Fig 5B).
c) Soft collision stage: India made its spectacular rapid northward drift during
the period of time from Late Cretaceous to the end of Paleocene. In Mid-
Paleocene about 59Ma soft collision occurs between the northwest corner of the
Indian Shield and South Tibet (Fig 5C).
d) Hard collision stage: By Mid Eocene about 44 Ma hard continent-continent
collision related to the Himalayan orogeny commenced. The Bengal Basin
became a remnant ocean basin at the beginning of Miocene because of the
continuing oblique subduction of India beneath the southeast extrusion of
Burma. The deep basinal part and the present Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt of
the Bengal Basin started to act as active sediment depocenter (Fig 5D).
Figure 5: Stages of the development of Bengal Basin.
A
DC
B

8. 2.1.3 Tectonic Elements in and around Bengal Basin
The Bengal basin is divided generally into three major tectonic units:
 Stable platform in the west-northwest.
 Geosynclinal basin in the east-northeast.
 The third unit, a narrow northeast – southwest trending zone which is
known as Hinge zone that separates the two units.
The Bengal Basin has three distinct geo-tectonic provinces:
A) Passive to extensional cratonic margin in the west, the Stable Shelf Province
B) The Central Deep Basin Province or the remnant basin and
C) The subduction-related orogen in the east, the Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt
(CTFB) Province.
Figure 6: Tectonic elements in and around Bangladesh.
A
B
C
Stable shelf
Central foredeep Eastern fold belt

9. 2.2 Stratigraphy:
The sedimentary history of Bangladesh commenced in the late Paleozoic and
includes four lithostratigraphic units deposited during the major stages of basin
development. A maximum sediment thickness of more than 20 km accumulated
from source areas that include all of the basinal margins. The eastern margin
evolved through plate convergence, overthrusting and wrench fault tectonics. The
tectonic development of the northern margin of Bangladesh is complicated by its
proximity to several major faults such as the Dauki fault which divides the passive
southern side with successive prograding Tertiary delta systems that push the
shoreline to the south and west. The offshore is tectonically stable and may be
underlain by oceanic crust. Stratigraphic sections for eastern and western
Bangladesh showing tectonic history is given below:

10. The depositional and stratigraphic history of Bengal Basin is distictively different
from west to east. So different parts of the basin show different stratigraphic
succesions. In the northwestern platformal shelf area a succesion ranging in time
from Permian to Holocene is encountered but other part of the basin sediments
deposited mainly in Cenozoic time.
Figure 7: Generalized stratigraphy of three tectonic zones of the Bengal Basin
(modified after Imam and Hussain, 2002).

11. Bangladesh has proven and probable gas reserves of approximately 21.5 Trillion
Cubic Feet (TCF) and recoverable gas reserves of 12.5 TCF mostly concentrated in
the Sylhet and Chittagong district in the eastern fold belt. Hydrocarbons discovered
in Bangladesh are trapped in Mio-Pliocene delta sediments associated with
elongated, north-south faulted anticlines, in front of the Indo-Burman ranges, in
Sylhet and Chittagong Hill districts and the eastern bordering belt of the Bengal
basin.
3.Petroleum systems on different tectonic
elements of the Bengal Basin
Based on differences in tectonic style, basin evolution and sedimentation
history, the Bangladesh part of the Bengal Basin can be divided into three
petroleum provinces: (Fig 6).
 The Eastern Fold Belt
 The Central Foredeep and
 The NW Stable Shelf/Platform
The total hydrocarbon systems of these provinces are summarized and are
discussed briefly in turn below.
3.1 The Eastern Fold Belt:
The Fold Belt is the richest hydrocarbon province in the country. Of the 22
gasfields so far discovered 18 are located in this zone. The Fold Belt represents
the westernmost part of the Indo-Burman Orogen and was formed as a result of
subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Burmese plate. The Bangladesh
portion of the Fold Belt trends north-south for some 450km and is up to 150km
wide.
 Source Rock and Migration
Almost all the wells so far drilled in the Fold Belt have been confined to the
Surma Group which is represented by thick and monotonous repetitive
sequences of sandstone and shale. Only a handful of deep wells have penetrated
the upper part of the underlying Oligocene Barail Group. However, the shale-
dominated Jenum Formation in the middle of the Barail Group is considered to

12. be a major source rock in adjacent Assam. The formation has also been
recognized as a source rock in Bangladesh (Khan et al., 1988).
The suggestion by Leitz and Kabir (1982) that Eocene Kopili Shales are a
potential source of hydrocarbons in the Surma Group may be disputed for a
number of reasons including the fact that potential Eocene source beds are
buried deeply and may be overmature and also that traps were formed during
the Pliocene, long after the maturation of the Eocene source beds (Shamsuddin
et al., 2001).
The monotonous and repetitive alternations of sandstones and shales in the
Miocene– Pliocene Surma Group comprise excellent reservoir-seal pairs in the
Fold Belt. In general, the sandstones of the Surma Group show fairly good
porosities and permeabilities.
 Trapping Mechanisms
The Fold Belt comprises a series of north-south trending folds with topographic
expression represented by anticlinal ridges and intervening synclinal valleys.
The anticlines provide excellent traps for hydrocarbons. Based on the intensity
of deformation the Fold Belt has been divided into two zones:
 A western, gently-folded zone with relatively simple structures and
 An eastern zone with more tightly-folded structures.
The western zone is characterized by narrow simple anticlines separated by
wide synclines. These structures are little affected by major faults. The intensity
of deformation and folding gradually decreases to the west; in fact the western-
most anticlines bordering the Foredeep lack any surface expression. Large
gasfields such as Titas, Bakhrabad, Habiganj, Kailashtila, Rashidpur and the
recently discovered Bibyana are located in this zone. In addition to the simple
anticlines in the shallow subsurface, a second set of anticlines have are also
been reported beneath the synclinal valleys in this zone (Murphy, 1988), raising
the prospect of hydrocarbon accumulations in synclinal areas as well.
By contrast large, high-relief, tighter folds with thrust faults characterize the
eastern zone. The length of individual structures ranges from less than 28km
(for example, the Barkal anticline) to over 150km (the Bandarban anticline)
with the majority of the structures ranging from 45 to 55km. The intensity of
the faulting generally increases to the east. Because of thrusting and massive
faulting associated with intense tectonic deformation the hydrocarbon prospect
of these anticlines is relatively poor.

13. The majority of the wells so far drilled in Bangladesh encountered overpressure
zones in the Bhuban Formation (Surma Group) at depths ranging from less than
1,000m (Patharia-5) to 4,500m (Muladi-1). Although overpressure zones are
known to host prolific hydrocarbon reserves in many parts of the World their
status in Bangladesh is not adequately known since they have been tested by
only a few wells.
3.2 The Central Foredeep:
The Central Foredeep (Bengal Foredeep) is bounded by the Hinge Zone to the
west and the Fold Belt to the east (Fig. 6). The Foredeep covers approximately
110,000 sq. km. of which half is offshore (Reimann, 1993) and contains a
sedimentary pile over 20km thick. The width of the Foredeep ranges from
200km in the north to more than 500km in the south in the Bay of Bengal
(down to about 200m water depth). At the southern margin of the basin is the
present-day Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The Foredeep contains four gasfields.
Although not as intensely explored as the Fold Belt the region has recently
become the focus of increased exploration activities.
 Source Rock and Migration
As in the fold belt Neogene sediments in the Foredeep are poor in organic
content and are immature to mildly mature. The Muladi-1 well south of Dhaka
penetrated a total depth of 4,732m through the Upper Miocene Surma Group.
The TOC content of the shales in this well ranges from 0.24% to 0.48%. Except
for a few sapropelic intervals the organic matter is predominantly humic Type
III kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.38% at a depth of 1,516m
to 0.65% at 4,532m indicating that the bulk of the source rock is immature (this
data is from an unpublished Petrobangla well Report, 1978). Ismail and
Shamsuddin (1991) proposed that mature source beds for hydrocarbons in the
Foredeep lie in generative depressions such as Hatia Trough at depths ranging
from 5,400m to 10,000m. The source potential of Oligocene sediments in the
Foredeep area is not known because no wells have penetrated the sequence. The
migration of hydrocarbons in the Foredeep is generally vertical along fractures.
Neogene sediments in the Foredeep are characterized by excellent reservoir
quality sandstones. The sandstones are texturally mature, fine- to medium
grained lithic arenites with little clay matrix. In the deeper subsurface (>2,500
m) the reservoir sands are cemented with quartz, calcite and kaolinite (Imam
and Shaw, 1985). However the cementation is not pervasive and there is
evidence of solution and secondary porosity development in the deeper
reservoirs (Imam and Shaw, 1985; Imam, 1987).

14. Figure 8: Location map showing the major gas condensates in Bangladesh.

15.  Trapping Mechanisms
Compared to the Fold Belt area the Foredeep is tectonically much less
disturbed. Except for deep-lying basement-controlled faults and very gentle,
low relief folds with narrow closures recognized from seismic data (Salt et al.,
1986; Murphy, 1988), no other structures have been reported in this zone. The
anticlines are usually larger in the SW part of the delta and also offshore
(Petrobangla, 2000).
Mud or sand-filled channels and incised valleys are common in the Bhuban and
Bokabil Formations (Lee et al., 2001). Eliet et al. (1999) suggested that these
channels are formed either by head-ward erosion of submarine canyons or
lowstand subaerial incision of valleys by channel networks. When filled with
sand they form excellent stratigraphic traps (i.e. at Bibiyana); on the other hand,
when filled with shale they can form seals (i.e. Jalalabad: Lee et al., 2001).
3.3 The NW stable shelf/ platform:
The western flank of the Bengal Basin is occupied by two tectonic elements.
 The Foreland Shelf also known as the Bogra Stable Shelf and
 The Hinge Zone.
The Bogra Stable Shelf is a gently SE-dipping epeirogenic platform, about
60km to 130km wide. The Shelf is bounded in the NW by the Dinajpur Shield
and extends SW into the Indian State of West Bengal. It has undergone little or
no tectonic deformation. Only four exploratory wells (Kuchma, Bogra-1,
Bogra-2 and Singra) have so far been drilled in this region. Although some oil
and gas shows were noted but no commercial discoveries have been reported.
Rocks ranging in age from Permian to Recent are present on the Bogra Shelf.
The Shelf is also characterized by the presence of a number of block-faulted
basins (Gondwana Basins) filled with Upper Carboniferous (?) - Permian
Gondwanan strata overlain by Cretaceous to Neogene clastics and minor
carbonates (Eocene Sylhet Limestone), interpreted as fluvial, deltaic and
shallow-marine facies (Salt et al., 1986).
The Hinge Zone (also known as the Eocene Hinge Zone) marks the Eocene
shelf edge and continental slope (Reimann, 1993). This NE-SW oriented zone is
up to 25km wide and marks the structural and depositional transition from the
Stable Shelf to the Foredeep to the SE. The Hinge Zone is covered by a recent
alluvial plain and is not exposed by surface structures. The hydrocarbon

16. prospects of the Hinge Zone are not adequately known, since the only well so
far drilled, Hazipur-1 proved to be dry.
Based on seismic data, Salt et al. (1986) suggested that the western part of the
Bengal Basin (including the Hinge Zone) has the potential for future
hydrocarbon discoveries especially in stratigraphic traps. The identification of
future prospects may depend on high-resolution seismic data and a
multidisciplinary approach.
The studies on the petroleum source rock of Bangladesh (e.g.,Alam and
Pearson, 1990, Shamsuddin and Abdullah, 1997; Shamsuddin et al., 2001 etc)
are confined to the northeastern portion of the Bengal basin mainly at Surma
basin. These works reveals few indications of effective petroleum source rocks
of the Bengal basin. According to Khan et al. (1988), Shamsuddin and
Abdullah, (1997) and Curiale et al. (2002); most of the gas was generated in the
Jenum Formation of the Barail Group. The Miocene Surma Group shale does
not contain enough organic matter to generate sufficient gas to form a gas pool
(Imam, 2005). But at southern part of the Bengal basin, the Bhuban Formation
has some organic rich shales from which some gas may have been generated
and migrated upward into present gas reservoirs (Ismail and Shamsuddin, 1991
and Curiale et al., 2002).

17. 4.Conclusion
The Bengal basin that initiated with the breakup of Gondwanaland in the late
Mesozoic is located in Bangladesh and three eastern states of India. Sediment
accumulates in the basin from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river
systems and is dispersed into the Bay of Bengal. The basin is laden with much
petroleum capability where rigorous works are going on. Three major tectonic
divisions of Bangladesh thereby constitute different source rock and reservoir rock
quality, trap formation and migration type and route.
The stable shelf region in the NW Bangladesh can be said to be unexplored
comparing with the other two parts. This region is also tectonically undisturbed
which has the potential for future hydrocarbon discoveries especially in
stratigraphic traps. The Central Foredeep region is also not explored as the Eastern
Folded Belt. Neogene (Surma groups) shales are potential source rock of the region
which is poorly matured. Neogene sandstone may be the potential reservoir rock
which is of excellent quality. Deep lying basement controlled faults and gentle
anticlines plays role as the trapping mechanism. On the other hand The Eastern
Fold Belt is the richest hydrocarbon province in the country. The shale dominated
Jenum Formation in the middle of the Barail Group and the Eocene Kopili Shales
are considered to be the major source rock in this region. The Fold belt comprises
NS trending anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys. The anticlines play a vital role
in trapping the petroleum.
Bangladesh remains an underexplored sedimentary basin. Future exploration
targets should include the Garo-Rajmahal gap along with the Dauki-strike slip fault
to the north where a pull-apart or early failed-rift basin may exist. Additional
potential lies in the post rift delta complex and the deep sea fan to the south.

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