INTERNET AND NETWORKS...

1. welcomewelcome

2. He who kneels before AllahHe who kneels before Allah
can stand before anycan stand before any
one…….one…….

3. PRESENTED:PRESENTED:
SHABNAMSHABNAM
BASHIRBASHIR

4. Introduction to Network ,Introduction to Network ,
InternetInternet
andand
Shared foldersShared folders

5. NETWORKSNETWORKS
►A network is a set of devices (oftenA network is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected byreferred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.communication links.
►A node can be computer, printer or anyA node can be computer, printer or any
other device capable of sending and orother device capable of sending and or
receiving data generated by other nodesreceiving data generated by other nodes
on the networkon the network

6. GENERAL VIEWGENERAL VIEW

7. THE USE OF NETWORKTHE USE OF NETWORK
►Distributed processing:Distributed processing:
In distributed processing task isIn distributed processing task is
divided among multiple computers.divided among multiple computers.
Instead of one machine beingInstead of one machine being
responsible for all aspects of a process ,responsible for all aspects of a process ,
separate computers handle a subset.separate computers handle a subset.

8. ► Network allow many users to accessNetwork allow many users to access
shared data and programs almostshared data and programs almost
instantly.instantly.
► By using computer networks the data canBy using computer networks the data can
be send at a very fast speed.be send at a very fast speed.
► Computer networks would provideComputer networks would provide
greater storage capacity and processinggreater storage capacity and processing
power than that of a stand alonepower than that of a stand alone
independent machines.independent machines.

9. TopologyTopology
►It refers to the way in which theIt refers to the way in which the
nodes (computers or othernodes (computers or other
devices) of a network are linkeddevices) of a network are linked
together.together.

10. TopologiesTopologies
Mesh topology
Bus topology
Star topology
Hybrid topology
Ring topology

11. Bus topologyBus topology
► In this topology every node is connected to aIn this topology every node is connected to a
single communication channel. This channel actssingle communication channel. This channel acts
as a back bone to link all the devices in a network.as a back bone to link all the devices in a network.

12. AdvantagesAdvantages
►Ease of installationEase of installation
►Less cabling as compare to mesh and starLess cabling as compare to mesh and star
topology.topology.
►Failure of one computer does not affectFailure of one computer does not affect
others on the network.others on the network.
►Addition of new computers to the link isAddition of new computers to the link is
easy.easy.

13. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
►If the main communication channel fails, theIf the main communication channel fails, the
entire system of network breaks down.entire system of network breaks down.
►Heavy network traffic can slow down theHeavy network traffic can slow down the
network.because any computer can transmitnetwork.because any computer can transmit
at any time and computers on bus networksat any time and computers on bus networks
do not coordinate with each other.do not coordinate with each other.

14. RING TOPOLOGYRING TOPOLOGY
► this topology connectsthis topology connects
the nodes in a circularthe nodes in a circular
chain, with each nodechain, with each node
connected to the next.connected to the next.
► In this layout each nodeIn this layout each node
is physically connectedis physically connected
to only two other nodes.to only two other nodes.

15. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
►Because every computer is given equalBecause every computer is given equal
access to the token ,no one computer canaccess to the token ,no one computer can
monopolize the network.monopolize the network.
►It is relatively easy to install andIt is relatively easy to install and
reconfigure .reconfigure .

16. DisadvantageDisadvantage
►Failure of one computer can disable theFailure of one computer can disable the
whole network because the traffic iswhole network because the traffic is
unidirectional.unidirectional.

17. Star topologyStar topology
► In this topology eachIn this topology each
device has a dedicateddevice has a dedicated
point to point link onlypoint to point link only
to a central controller,to a central controller,
hub.hub.
► The devices are notThe devices are not
directly linked to onedirectly linked to one
another.another.

18. AdvantagesAdvantages
►If one link fails only that link is affected.If one link fails only that link is affected.
►Less cabling is used.Less cabling is used.
►Addition and deletion of nodes is easy,Addition and deletion of nodes is easy,
involves only one connection.involves only one connection.

19. DisadvantageDisadvantage
►Dependency of the whole network onDependency of the whole network on
a single point , hub . if the hub goesa single point , hub . if the hub goes
down , the whole system is down….down , the whole system is down….

20. Mesh topologyMesh topology
► Every system isEvery system is
connected to everyconnected to every
other system throughother system through
dedicated link.dedicated link.
► The dedicated meansThe dedicated means
that the link carriesthat the link carries
traffic only betweentraffic only between
two devices ittwo devices it
connects.connects.

21. AdvantagesAdvantages
►dedicated links guarantees that eachdedicated links guarantees that each
connection can carry its own data load ,thusconnection can carry its own data load ,thus
eliminating the traffic problem.eliminating the traffic problem.
►It is robust . if one link becomes un usable,It is robust . if one link becomes un usable,
it does not disables whole system.it does not disables whole system.
►Privacy and security because everyPrivacy and security because every
message is passed along a dedicated link.message is passed along a dedicated link.

22. DisadvantagesDisadvantages
►Amount of cabling and number of I/O portsAmount of cabling and number of I/O ports
required is very large.required is very large.
►Installation and reconnection is difficult.Installation and reconnection is difficult.
►It requires large space to accommodateIt requires large space to accommodate
bulk of the wiring.bulk of the wiring.

23. Types of networksTypes of networks
Computer networks
LAN MAN WAN

24. LANLAN
► A LAN is a computer network that covers only aA LAN is a computer network that covers only a
small geographical area ( usually with in asmall geographical area ( usually with in a
square mile or less), Such as an office, home orsquare mile or less), Such as an office, home or
building. In a local area network, computersbuilding. In a local area network, computers
connected have a network operating systemconnected have a network operating system
installed onto them.installed onto them.
► One computer is designated as the file server,One computer is designated as the file server,
which stores all the software that controls thewhich stores all the software that controls the
network.network.
► It also stores all the software that can be sharedIt also stores all the software that can be shared
by the computers attached to the network.by the computers attached to the network.

25. ►Other computer connected to the fileOther computer connected to the file
server is called workstations.server is called workstations.
►The workstations can be less powerfulThe workstations can be less powerful
than the file server, and they maythan the file server, and they may
additional software on their hard drives.additional software on their hard drives.
On most LAN’s cables are used toOn most LAN’s cables are used to
connect the computers. Generally LANconnect the computers. Generally LAN
offers a bandwidth of 10 to 100Mbpsoffers a bandwidth of 10 to 100Mbps

26. WANWAN
►A WAN is a system of interconnecting manyA WAN is a system of interconnecting many
computers over a large geographical lines,computers over a large geographical lines,
satellite link and many other long rangesatellite link and many other long range
communication technologies to connect.communication technologies to connect.
►WAN is used to interconnect LANs whichWAN is used to interconnect LANs which
may be at opposite sides of a country ormay be at opposite sides of a country or
opposite sides of a globe.opposite sides of a globe.

27. ► Transmission rates inWANs usually range fromTransmission rates inWANs usually range from
1200bps-2mbps.1200bps-2mbps.
► WANs are physically distributed over a largeWANs are physically distributed over a large
geographical area, so communication links used ingeographical area, so communication links used in
WANs are telephone lines,microwave links andWANs are telephone lines,microwave links and
satellite channels.satellite channels.
► A LAN is typically owned by a singleA LAN is typically owned by a single
orgainisation,but WANs ,however ,is usuallyorgainisation,but WANs ,however ,is usually
formed by interconnecting multiple LANs each offormed by interconnecting multiple LANs each of
which may belong to a different orgainisation.which may belong to a different orgainisation.

29. MANsMANs
► Network that share some of theNetwork that share some of the
characteristics of both LANs and WANscharacteristics of both LANs and WANs
are sometimes referred to asare sometimes referred to as MetropolitanMetropolitan
area networks(MANs).area networks(MANs).
•A man is A network of computers spread
over A “metropolitan” area such as A city .
As the name suggests, this sort of network
is usually reserved for metropolitan areas
where the city bridges its local area
networks with A series of backbones,
making one large network for the entire city.

30. Introduction to theIntroduction to the
InternetInternet

31. InternetInternet
►Internet has been coined from twoInternet has been coined from two
terms interconnection and network.terms interconnection and network.
A network is group of computer thatA network is group of computer that
are connected together for sharingare connected together for sharing
information and resource.information and resource.
Several such network have beenSeveral such network have been
joined together across the world to formjoined together across the world to form
what is called as the internet.what is called as the internet.

32. •Internet is a network of networks-a global
communication system that links together
thousands of individual networks.
•The popular term for the Internet is the
“information highway”.
•Today: still growing
•No Owernership

33. HistoryHistory
In 1969,the ARPA (Advanced ResearchIn 1969,the ARPA (Advanced Research
project agency)created ARPANET .project agency)created ARPANET .
In the 1980’s National Science FoundationIn the 1980’s National Science Foundation
(NSF),joined the project after the defence(NSF),joined the project after the defence
Department stopped funding the network.Department stopped funding the network.
NFS established five “supercomputingNFS established five “supercomputing
centers”centers”
That were available to anyone wanted toThat were available to anyone wanted to
use them for academic research purposes.use them for academic research purposes.

34.  NSF created a new ,higher-capacityNSF created a new ,higher-capacity
network callednetwork called NSFnetNSFnet, to complement, to complement
the older,and by thenthe older,and by then
overloaded,ARPANET.overloaded,ARPANET.
 The link betweenThe link between
ARPANET,NSFnet,and other networkARPANET,NSFnet,and other network
was called the “Internet”was called the “Internet”

35. Getting ConnectedGetting Connected
►Internet-ready Computer:Internet-ready Computer: A computer isA computer is
internet ready if it has the physical hardwareinternet ready if it has the physical hardware
needed to connect to the internet,such as aneeded to connect to the internet,such as a
modem or a network interface card.modem or a network interface card.
►Operating systemOperating system comes with ancomes with an
operating systems preinstalled.The Mostoperating systems preinstalled.The Most
popular operating systems areWindows,thepopular operating systems areWindows,the
Macintosh OS,and unix.Macintosh OS,and unix.

36. Continued.....Continued.....
►TCP/IP :TCP/IP : Computers communicate withComputers communicate with
the internet through a protocol suitethe internet through a protocol suite
called TCP/IP.called TCP/IP.
►Client SoftwareClient Software Client software is theClient software is the
application programme you run whenapplication programme you run when
you access services on the Internet.Theyou access services on the Internet.The
most popular examples of Internetmost popular examples of Internet
clients include programmes that let youclients include programmes that let you
read you e-mail, and browse the webread you e-mail, and browse the web

37. Continued...Continued...
►Internet connectionInternet connection the connectionthe connection
from your computer to the internet is calledfrom your computer to the internet is called
Internet connection.Internet connection.
►Internet addressInternet address to go somewhere onto go somewhere on
the internet ,we need to know thethe internet ,we need to know the
destination address of the service ordestination address of the service or
resource we are planning to access.thisresource we are planning to access.this
destination could be the address of a webdestination could be the address of a web
site,the e-mail address of a person tosite,the e-mail address of a person to
whom we are sending a message or thewhom we are sending a message or the
FTP address of a server from which youFTP address of a server from which you

38. The Internet’s Major servicesThe Internet’s Major services
►The world wide web.The world wide web.
►Electronic mail.Electronic mail.
►News.News.
►File transfer ProtocolFile transfer Protocol
►ChatChat
►Online servicesOnline services

39. What is Web?What is Web?
► TheThe Web (World Wide Web)Web (World Wide Web) consists ofconsists of
information organized into Web pages containinginformation organized into Web pages containing
text and graphic images.text and graphic images.
► If you imagine a collection of billions ofIf you imagine a collection of billions of
documents ,all stored in different palces,but alldocuments ,all stored in different palces,but all
linked together in some manner,you mightlinked together in some manner,you might
imagine them creating a “web” of interconnectedimagine them creating a “web” of interconnected
information .information .
If you extend that collection of documents andIf you extend that collection of documents and
their links to cover the entire globe,you have atheir links to cover the entire globe,you have a
“world_wide web” of information .this concept is“world_wide web” of information .this concept is
where the Web gets its name.where the Web gets its name.

40. Continued...Continued...
►It contains hypertext links, or highlightedIt contains hypertext links, or highlighted
keywords and images that lead to relatedkeywords and images that lead to related
information.information.
►A collection of linked Web pages that hasA collection of linked Web pages that has
a common theme or focus is called aa common theme or focus is called a
Web siteWeb site..
►The main page that all of the pages on aThe main page that all of the pages on a
particular Web site are organized aroundparticular Web site are organized around
and link back to is called the site’sand link back to is called the site’s homehome
pagepage..

41. E-mailE-mail
Using e-mail a user can send text,Using e-mail a user can send text,
pictures, sounds , programes, or evenpictures, sounds , programes, or even
movies to any other person on themovies to any other person on the
internet anywhere in the world.internet anywhere in the world.
There are two advantages of using e-There are two advantages of using e-
mail aremail are
1)Speed 2)low cost1)Speed 2)low cost

42. NewsgroupsNewsgroups
►A more highly organized way for groups ofA more highly organized way for groups of
people to communicate is through USENET,people to communicate is through USENET,
which is an electronic bulletin-board servicewhich is an electronic bulletin-board service
consisting of newsgroups, newsfeeds,andconsisting of newsgroups, newsfeeds,and
newsreadersnewsreaders

43. FTPFTP
►FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.it isFTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.it is
the standard method for transferring filesthe standard method for transferring files
over the Internet from one computer toover the Internet from one computer to
another.another.

44. Internet Service Provider (ISP)Internet Service Provider (ISP)
An Internet Service Provider (or ISPAn Internet Service Provider (or ISP
forshort) is a business that providesforshort) is a business that provides
businesses or consumers with accessbusinesses or consumers with access
to the internet.to the internet.
Examples:Examples:
►Prodigy, America Online, MicrosoftProdigy, America Online, Microsoft
network, AT&T Networks.network, AT&T Networks.

45. Internet Related TermologiesInternet Related Termologies
Protocol:Protocol:
►A protocol is a set of rules used to sendA protocol is a set of rules used to send
information between computers that areinformation between computers that are
connected to each other (e.g. the internet).connected to each other (e.g. the internet).

46. TCP/IPTCP/IP
►IP (Internet Protocol) works by giving eachIP (Internet Protocol) works by giving each
machine on the internet a unique 12 digit IPmachine on the internet a unique 12 digit IP
address (like 142.109.265.155). When aaddress (like 142.109.265.155). When a
computer wants to send information acrosscomputer wants to send information across
the internet, the information is broken intothe internet, the information is broken into
small segments called packets, and eachsmall segments called packets, and each
packet is stamped with a "to" and "from" IPpacket is stamped with a "to" and "from" IP
addressaddress

47. ►TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) addsTCP (Transmission Control Protocol) adds
extra information to each packet to makeextra information to each packet to make
sure that when they are recieved at thesure that when they are recieved at the
destination computer (by using IP) theydestination computer (by using IP) they
have not been damaged, none of them arehave not been damaged, none of them are
missing, and they are all put back togethermissing, and they are all put back together
in the right ordein the right orde

48. UDP/IPUDP/IP
►Sometimes TCP/IP is not the best way toSometimes TCP/IP is not the best way to
send information across the internet.send information across the internet.
►UDP makes less guarantees, but is a lotUDP makes less guarantees, but is a lot
faster.faster.

49. FTPFTP
►File Transfer Protocol is used to transferFile Transfer Protocol is used to transfer
files over a network to other computers. Thefiles over a network to other computers. The
difference from http is that you indicatedifference from http is that you indicate
where you want to save the files towhere you want to save the files to

50. AddressingAddressing
►URL means "Uniform Resource Locator",URL means "Uniform Resource Locator",
by definition is a pointer to a websitesby definition is a pointer to a websites
resource and is needed to differentiateresource and is needed to differentiate
websites.websites.
►It is a string of characters that locates aIt is a string of characters that locates a
specific piece of information anywhere onspecific piece of information anywhere on
the web. (for example:the web. (for example:
http://www.wikipedia.org/ is the URL tohttp://www.wikipedia.org/ is the URL to
Wikipedia) This shows an HTTP Protocol.Wikipedia) This shows an HTTP Protocol.

51. How to find information on the Web?How to find information on the Web?
► A number of search tools have been developedA number of search tools have been developed
and available to you on certain Web sites thatand available to you on certain Web sites that
provide search services to help you findprovide search services to help you find
information.information.
► Examples:Examples:
 YahooYahoo  www.yahoo.comwww.yahoo.com
 ExciteExcite  www.excite.comwww.excite.com
 LycosLycos  www.lycos.comwww.lycos.com
 AltaVistaAltaVista  www/alta-vista.comwww/alta-vista.com
 MSN WebSearchMSN WebSearch  www.search.msn.comwww.search.msn.com

52. How to find information on the Web?How to find information on the Web?
► You can find information by two basic means.You can find information by two basic means.
► Search by TopicSearch by Topic andand Search by keywordsSearch by keywords ..
► Some search services offer both methods, othersSome search services offer both methods, others
only one.only one.
► Yahoo offers both.Yahoo offers both.
 Search by TopicSearch by Topic
You can navigate through topic listsYou can navigate through topic lists
 Search by keywordsSearch by keywords
You can navigate by entering a keyword orYou can navigate by entering a keyword or
phase into a search text box.phase into a search text box.

53. shared folders are those foldersshared folders are those folders
which can be shared betweenwhich can be shared between
different users on the samedifferent users on the same
computers or over the network.computers or over the network.
SharedShared FoldersFolders

54. ► Shared Folders Give Users CentralizedShared Folders Give Users Centralized
Access to Network FilesAccess to Network Files
► A Folder Must Be Shared Before a User CanA Folder Must Be Shared Before a User Can
Connect to ItConnect to It
► Permission to Use a Shared Folder IsPermission to Use a Shared Folder Is
Assigned to Users and GroupsAssigned to Users and Groups
UsersUsers
User1
User2
User3
User4
User1
User2
User3
User4
ServerServer
Shared FoldersShared FoldersShared FoldersShared Folders
Data

55. CreatingCreating andand managing shared foldersmanaging shared folders
► A data resource made available over aA data resource made available over a
networknetwork to authorize network clientsto authorize network clients
► Specific permissions required forSpecific permissions required for
creating,reading,modifyingcreating,reading,modifying..
► Groups that can create shared folders:Groups that can create shared folders:
• AdministratorsAdministrators
• Server operatorsServer operators
• Power usersPower users

56. You might need to be logged on as anYou might need to be logged on as an
administrator or aadministrator or a membermember of theof the
administrators group in order to performadministrators group in order to perform
somesome tasks.tasks.
Shared folders displays the followingShared folders displays the following
categories:categories:
•Shares: shared folder on your computer.Shares: shared folder on your computer.
•Sessions: users connected to computer.Sessions: users connected to computer.

57. ToTo shareshare a folder on the networka folder on the network
1.1. Open:windows explorer ,and then locate theOpen:windows explorer ,and then locate the
folder you want to share.folder you want to share.
2.2. Right click the folder, and then clickRight click the folder, and then click sharing andsharing and
securitysecurity..
3.3. Do one of the following.Do one of the following.
► If theIf the share this folder on the networkshare this folder on the network check box ischeck box is
available, select the check box.available, select the check box.
► If theIf the share this folder on the networkshare this folder on the network check box ischeck box is
not available,this computer is not on a network.not available,this computer is not on a network.

58. To open a shared folder on anotherTo open a shared folder on another
computer.computer.
1.1. open:My computer.open:My computer.
2.2. Under other places,click My NetworkUnder other places,click My Network
Places.the sharedPlaces.the shared folders on your network arefolders on your network are
displayed. If they are not listed,do the following:displayed. If they are not listed,do the following:
3.3. Double-click the computer where the shared folder isDouble-click the computer where the shared folder is
located.located.
4.4. Double-click the you want to open.Double-click the you want to open.

59. Thanks for your patienceThanks for your patience
►Any query?Any query?