Surrogacy Cost in Georgia .pdf

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Learning Objectives: Contrast the neural and local control of circulations through special regions. Compare the physiological significance of variation in circulations through special regions. Content Overview: This lecture provides a comprehensive exploration of circulation in specialized regions of the body, including coronary, cerebral, splanchnic, cutaneous, fetal, skeletal muscle, and pulmonary circulations. The physiological and anatomical considerations, regulation mechanisms, and unique features of each type of circulation are discussed. Key concepts such as autoregulation, local metabolic factors, and neural influences are covered in detail. Key Topics: Coronary Circulation: Anatomy and physiology of coronary blood supply. Phasic changes in blood flow during systole and diastole. Regulation by autonomic nervous system and local metabolic factors (hypoxia, adenosine). Cerebral Circulation: Control by local metabolic factors (CO2, H+). Autoregulation and hyperemia. Anatomy of cerebral blood supply and special features of cerebral blood vessels. Splanchnic Circulation: Anatomy and regulation of blood flow to the gastrointestinal organs. Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Chemical factors and the concept of autoregulatory escape. Cutaneous Circulation: Thermoregulatory function and dense nervous innervation. Mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Blood reservoir function and responses to mechanical stimuli. Fetal Circulation: Unique aspects of fetal blood flow including umbilical vessels, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus. Changes in circulation at birth and the stimuli for these changes. Skeletal Muscle Circulation: Regulation during rest and exercise. Role of nervous and local metabolic control. Circulatory adjustments during physical activity. Pulmonary Circulation: Characteristics and regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Zones of blood flow in the lungs and the effect of gravity. Response to hypoxia and other factors influencing pulmonary vascular resistance

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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of cardiac pumping: Learning objectives: 1. Discuss the significance of regulation of cardiac pumping 2. Discuss the concepts of preload and afterload 3. Discuss the mechanism and significance of Frank Starling’s Law 4. Discuss the intrinsic mechanisms of regulation of cardiac pumping 5. Discuss the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart 6. Describe how serum potassium and calcium affect the heart function 7. Discuss the effect of body temperature on the heart function Study Resources: 1. Chapter 9, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition 2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition 3. Chapter 30, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition 4. Cardiac Cycle - StatPearls, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459327/ 5. Chapter 14, Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, Dee Silverthorn, 8th ed

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