ANIMATIONS Frequently used linkers: cause and effect (reason and result)/ purpose/ condition/ contrast/ positive and negative addition/ exception/ giving examples/ time/ relative pronouns/ other linking words

1. Positive Addition: and
Linker + a sentence or less??
Tony is both kind and helpful.
Tony is kind and helpful too.
Tony is kind. Besides this, he is a helpful person.
Tony is kind. Moreover, he is a helpful person.
Tony is kind. What is more is that he is a helpful person.
Tony is kind. In addition, he is a helpful person.
Tony is kind. He is also a helpful person.
Tony is kind. Furthermore, he is helpful.
Tony, as well as his sister, is kind.

2. Linker + a sentence or less??
Negative Addition: not and not
Neither Sally nor I went to the club.
I saw neither him nor his sister.
I neither called nor saw him.
You can go either to London or to Paris.

3. Linker + a sentence or less??
Contrast : opposite ideas
Although we hurried, we missed the bus.
Although + a sentence
Even though we hurried, we missed the bus.
Even though + a sentence
Despite hurrying, we missed the bus.
Despite + n
In spite of hurrying, we missed the bus.
In spite + n
We hurried but we missed the bus.
But+ a sentence
We hurried, however, we missed the bus.
We hurried. However, we missed the bus.
However+ a sentence
He's overweight and bald, yet, he's handsome.
Yet + a sentence
It is useful. On the other hand, it is very costly.
.

4. Linker + a sentence or less??
You may not accept what he did, but he's still your brother.
I know you don't like her, but you still should not be rude to
her.
I was listening while he was not interested.
I was listening whereas he was not interested.

5. Giving Examples
I like colours such as red and blue.
I like colours like red and blue.
I like colours , for example, red and blue.
I like colours , for instance, red and blue.
I like colours , especially, red and blue.
The weather has been bad this week, and Friday in particular was
very cold.

6. Cause/ Reason: why?
I like science as it is difficult.
I like science since it is difficult
I like science because it is difficult
I like science because of its difficulty.
I like science due to its difficulty.
Science is difficult. For this reason, I like it.
Science is difficult, Therefore, I like it.
Effect/ Result
Science is difficult, Consequently, I like it.
Science is difficult so I like it.
Science is difficult. As a result, I like it.
As a result of science difficulty, I like it.

7. Purpose: why do I do this? What do you I want?
David went to the bank to get a loan.
David went to the bank so as to get a loan.
David went to the bank in order to get a loan.
David went to the bank in order not to lose the loan.
David went to the bank so that he can get a loan.

8. Condition
If you study, you will succeed.
You will succeed only if you study.
You will succeed in case you study.
In case you study, you will succeed.
You will succeed provided that you study.
You will succeed providing that you study.
You will succeed on condition that you study well.
Unless = if not
Unless you study, you will not succeed.
You will not succeed unless you study.
As long as = so long as
As long as you study, you will succeed.
You will succeed so long as you study.
Study well, otherwise you will not succeed.
Study well, or else you will not succeed.
In case of emergency, call 999.
Whether = if , or not
Anyway, it's a good story, whether or not it's true.
Anyway, it's a good story, whether it's true or not .

9. Exception
He paid all the bills except for the electricity.
Apart from Jodie, who hurt her leg, all the children
were fine.
Except for = apart from
Time
They will go out as soon as I get there.
They will go out when I get there.
They will go out before/ after I get there.
They will wait until/ till I get I get there.
They were painting while we were singing.
Whenever you face a problem, call me.

10. Relatives
That’s the man who/ that works in the library.
This is the place where we learn.
This is book that/ which I enjoy.
That’s the boy whose poem won in the recital.
That’s the writer whom I respect.
That’s what I mean.
Whose + sth we have
Who+ verb
Whom + subject

11. Linking words
To start:
first = at first = firstly = initially = to start with =
to begin with = first of all ,
To continue:
secondly – after this / that- second – afterwards – then –
next ,
To conclude:
finally = lastly= in the end = eventually ,
To summarize:
in conclusion = in summary = to sum up = on the whole =
all in all= altogether = in short ,