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ENCh16.ppt
- 2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5
The Relational Data
Model and Relational
Database Constraints
- 3. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-3
Relational Model Concepts
Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations
Characteristics of Relations
Relational Model Notation
- 4. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-4
Relational Model Constraints
and Relational Database
Schemas
Domain Constraints
Key Constraints and Constraints on Null Values
Relational Databases and Relational Database
Schemas
Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign
Keys
Other Types of Constraints
- 5. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-5
Update Operations and
Dealing with Constraint
Violations
The Insert Operation
The Delete Operation
The Update Operation
- 6. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-6
Summary
- 7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6
The Relational Algebra
and Relational Calculus
- 8. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-8
Unary Relational Operations:
SELECT and PROJECT
The SELECT Operation
The PROJECT Operation
Sequences of Operations and the RENAME
Operation
- 9. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-9
Relational Algebra Operations
from Set Theory
The UNION, INTERSECTION, and
MINUS Operations
The CARTESIAN PRODUCT (or CROSS
PRODUCT) Operation
- 10. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-10
Binary Relational Operations:
JOIN and DIVISION
The JOIN Operation
The EQUIJOIN and NATURAL JOIN
Variations of JOIN
A Complete Set of Relational Algebra
Operations
The DIVISION Operation
- 11. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-11
Additional Relational
Operations
Aggregate Functions and Grouping
Recursive Closure Operations
OUTER JOIN Operations
The OUTER JOIN Operation
- 12. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-12
Examples of Queries in
Relational Algebra
- 13. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-13
The Tuple Relational Calculus
Tuple Variables and Range Relations
Expressions and Formulas in Tuple Relational
Calculus
The Existential and Universal Quantifiers
Example Queries Using the Existential Quantifier
Transforming the Universal and Existential
Quantifiers
Using the Universal Quantifier
Safe Expressions
- 14. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-14
The Domain Relational
Calculus
- 15. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-15
Summary
- 16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 7
Relational Database
Design by ER- and EER-
to-Relational Mapping
- 17. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-17
Relational Database Design
Using ER-to-Relational
Mapping
ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm
Discussion and Summary of Mapping for
Model Constructs
- 18. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-18
Mapping EER Model
Constructs to Relations
Mapping of Specialization of
Generalization
Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple
Inheritance)
Mapping of Categories (Union Types)
- 19. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-19
Summary
- 20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8
SQL-99: Schema
Definition, Basic
Constraints, and Queries
- 21. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-21
SQL Data Definition and Data
Types
Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQL
The CREATE TABLE Command in SQL
Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL
- 22. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-22
Specifying Basic Constraints
in SQL
Specifying Attribute Constraints and
Attribute Defaults
Specifying Key and Referential Integrity
Constraints
Giving Names to Constraints
Specifying Constraints on Tuples Using
CHECK
- 23. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-23
Schema Change Statements
in SQL
The DROP Command
The ALTER Command
- 24. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-24
Basic Queries in SQL
The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic
SQL Queries
Ambiguous Attribute Names, Aliasing, and Tuple
Variables
Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the
Asterisk
Tables as Sets in SQL
Substring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic
Operators
Ordering of Query Results
- 25. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-25
More Complex SQL Queries
Comparisons Involving NULL and Three-Valued
Logic
Nested Queries, Tuples, and Set/Multiset
Comparisions
Correlated Nested Queries
The EXISTS and UNIQUE Functions in SQL
Explicit Sets and Renaming of Attributes in SQL
Joined Tables in SQL
Aggregate Functions in SQL
Grouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Discussion and Summary of SQL Queries
- 26. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-26
Insert, Delete, and Update
Statements in SQL
The INSERT Command
The DELETE Command
The UPDATE Command
- 27. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-27
Additional Features of SQL
- 28. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-28
Summary
- 29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 9
More SQL: Assertions,
Views, and Programming
Techniques
- 30. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-30
Specifying General
Constraints as Assertions
- 31. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-31
Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL
Concept of a View in SQL
Specification of Views in SQL
View Implementation and View Update
- 32. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-32
Database Programming:
Issues and Techniques
Approaches to Database Programming
Impedence Mismatch
Typical Sequence of Interaction in Database
Programming
- 33. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-33
Embedded SQL, Dynamic
SQL, and SQLJ
Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL
Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL
Using Cursors
Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic
SQL
SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in JAVA
Retrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using
Iterators
- 34. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-34
Database Programming with
Function Calls: SQL/CLI and
JDBC
Database Programming with SQL/CLI
Using C as the Host Language
JDBC: SQL Function Calls for JAVA
Programming
- 35. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-35
Database Stored Procedures
and SQL/PSM
Database Stored Procedures and Functions
SQL/PSM: Extending SQL for Specifying
Persistent Stored Modules
- 36. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-36
Summary
- 37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10
Functional Dependencies
and Normalization for
Relational Databases
- 38. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-38
Informal Design Guidelines for
Relation Schema
Semantics of the Relation Attributes
Redundant Information in Tuples and
Update Anomalies
Null Values in Tuples
Generation of Spurious Tuples
Summary and Discussion of Design
Guidelines
- 39. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-39
Functional Dependencies
Definition of Functional Dependency
Inference Rules for Functional
Dependencies
Equivalence of Sets of Functional
Dependencies
Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
- 40. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-40
Normal Forms Based on
Primary Keys
Normalization of Relations
Practical Use of Normal Forms
Definition of Keys and Attributes
Participating in Keys
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
- 41. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-41
General Definitions of Second
and Third Normal Forms
General Definition of Second Normal Form
General Definition of Third Normal Form
Interpreting the General Definition of Third
Normal Form
- 42. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-42
Boyce-Codd Normal
- 43. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-43
Summary
- 44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 11
Relational Database
Design Algorithms and
Further Dependencies
- 45. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-45
Properties of Relational
Decompositions
Relation Decomposition and Insufficiency of
Normal Forms
Dependency Preservation Property of a
Decomposition
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Property of a
Decomposition
Testing Binary Decomposition for the Nonadditive
Join Property
Successive Lossless (Nonadditive) Join
Decompositions
- 46. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-46
Algorithms for Relational
Database Schema Design
Dependency-Preserving Decomposition into 3NF
Schemas
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into
BCNF Schemas
Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive
(Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas
Problems with Null Values and Dangling Tuples
Discussion of Normalization Algorithms
- 47. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-47
Multivalued Dependencies
and Fourth Normal Form
Formal Definition of Multivalued
Dependency
Inference Rules for Functional and
Multivalued Dependencies
Fourth Normal Form
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition
into 4NF Relations
- 48. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-48
Join Dependencies and Fifth
Normal Form
- 49. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-49
Inclusion Dependencies
- 50. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-50
Other Dependencies and
Normal Forms
Template Dependencies
Domain-Key Normal Form
- 51. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-51
Summary
- 52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12
Practical Database
Design Methodology and
Use of UML Diagrams
- 53. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-53
The Role of Information
Systems in Organizations
The Organizational Context for Using
Database Systems
The Information System Life Cycle
The Database Application System Life
Cycle
- 54. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-54
The Database Design and
Implementation Process
Phase 1: Requirements Collection and Analysis
Phase 2: Conceptual Database Design
Phase 3: Choice of DBMS
Phase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database
Design)
Phase 5: Physical Database Design
Phase 6: Database System Implementation and
Tuning
- 55. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-55
Use of UML Diagrams as an
Aid to Database Design
Specification
UML As a Design Specification Standard
UML for Database Application Design
Different Diagrams in UML
A Modeling and Design Example:
University Database
- 56. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-56
Relational Rose, A UML
Based Design Tool
Relational Rose for Database Design
Relational Rose Data Modeler
Data Modeling Using Rational Rose Data
Modeler
- 57. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-57
Automated Database Design
Tools
- 58. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-58
Summary
- 59. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13
Disk Storage, Basic File
Structures, and Hashing
- 60. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-60
Introduction
Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices
Storage of Databases
- 61. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-61
Secondary Storage Devices
Hardware Description of Disk Devices
Magnetic Tape Storage Devices
- 62. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-62
Buffering Blocks
- 63. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-63
Placing File Records on Disk
Records and Record Types
Files, Fixed-Length Records, and Variable-
Length Records
Record Blocking and Spanned Versus
Unspanned Records
Allocating File Blocks on Disk
File Headers
- 64. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-64
Operations on Files
- 65. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-65
Files of Unordered Records
(Heap Files)
- 66. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-66
Files of Ordered Records
(Sorted Files)
- 67. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-67
Hashing Techniques
Internal Hashing
External Hashing for Disk Files
Hashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic
File Expansion
- 68. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-68
Other Primary File
Organizations
Files of Mixed Records
B-Trees and Other Data Structures as
Primary Organization
- 69. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-69
Parallelizing Disk Access
Using RAID Technology
Improving Reliability with RAID
Improving Performance with RAID
RAID Organizations and Levels
- 70. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-70
Storage Area Networks
- 71. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-71
Summary
- 72. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14
Indexing Structures for
Files
- 73. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-73
Types of Single-Level Ordered
Indexes
Primary Indexes
Clustering Indexes
Secondary Indexes
Summary
- 74. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-74
Multilevel Indexes
- 75. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-75
Dynamic Multilevel Indexes
Using B-Trees and B+-Trees
Search Trees and B-Trees
B+-Trees
- 76. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-76
Indexes on Multiple Keys
Ordered Index on Multiple Attributes
Partitioned Hashing
Grid Files
- 77. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-77
Other Types of Indexes
Using Hashing and Other Data Structures as
Indexes
Logical versus Physical Indexes
Discussion
- 78. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-78
Summary
- 79. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15
Algorithms for Query
Processing and
Optimization
- 80. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-80
Translating SQL Queries into
Relational Algebra
- 81. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-81
Algorithms for External Sorting
- 82. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-82
Algorithms for SELECT and
JOIN Operations
Implementing the SELECT Operation
Implementing the JOIN Operation
- 83. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-83
Algorithms for PROJECT and
SET Operations
- 84. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-84
Implementing Aggregate
Operations and Outer Joins
Implementing Aggregate Operations
Implementing Outer Join
- 85. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-85
Combining Operations Using
Pipelining
- 86. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-86
Using Heuristics in Query
Optimization
Notation for Query Trees and Query Graphs
Heuristic Optimization of Query Trees
Converting Query Trees into Query
Execution Plans
- 87. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-87
Using Selectivity and Cost
Estimates in Query
Optimization
Cost Components for Query Execution
Catalog Information Used in Cost Functions
Examples of Cost Functions for SELECT
Examples of Cost Functions for JOIN
Multiple Relation Queries and Join Ordering
Examples to Illustrate Cost-Based Query
Optimization
- 88. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-88
Overview of Query
Optimization in Oracle
- 89. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-89
Semantic Query Optimization
- 90. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-90
Summary
- 91. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 16
Practical Database
Design and Tuning
- 92. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-92
Physical Database Design in
Relational Databases
Factors That Influence Physical Database
Design
Physical Database Design Decisions
- 93. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-93
An Overview of Database
Tuning in Relational Systems
Tuning Indexes
Tuning the Database Design
Tuning Queries
Additional Query Tuning Guidelines
- 94. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-94
Summary
- 95. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 17
Introduction to
Transaction Processing
Concepts and Theory
- 96. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-96
Introduction to Transaction
Processing
Single-User Versus Multiuser Systems
Transactions, Read and Write Operations,
and DBMS Buffers
Why Concurrency Control Is Needed
Why Recovery Is Needed
- 97. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-97
Transaction and System
Concepts
Transaction States and Additional
Operations
The System Log
Commet Point of a Transaction
- 98. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-98
Desirable Properties of
Transactions
- 99. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-99
Characterizing Schedules
Based on Recoverability
Schedules (Histories) of Transactions
Characterizing Schedules Base on
Recoverability
- 100. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-100
Characterizing Schedules
Based on Serializability
Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable
Schedules
Testing for Conflict Serializability of a
Schedule
Uses of Serializability
View Equivalence and View Serializability
Other Types of Equivalence of Schedules
- 101. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-101
Transaction Support in SQL
- 102. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-102
Summary
- 103. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
Concurrency Control
Techniques
- 104. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-104
Two-Phase Locking
Techniques for Concurrency
Control
Types of Locks and System Lock Tables
Guaranteeing Serializability by Two-Phase
Locking
Dealing with Deadlock and Starvation
- 105. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-105
Concurrency Control Based
on Timestamp Ordering
Timestamps
The Timestamp Ordering Algorithm
- 106. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-106
Multiversion Concurrency
Control Techniques
Multiversion Techniques Based on
Timestamp Ordering
Multiversion Two-Phase Locking Using
Certify Locks
- 107. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-107
Validation (Optimistic)
Concurrency Control
Techniques
- 108. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-108
Granularity of Data Items and
Multiple Granularity Locking
Granularity Level Considerations for
Locking
Multiple Granularity Level Locking
- 109. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-109
Using Locks for Concurrency
Control in Indexes
- 110. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-110
Other Concurrency Control
Issues
Insertion, Deletion, and Phantom Records
Interactive Transactions
Latches
- 111. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-111
Summary
- 112. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19
Database Recovery
Techniques
- 113. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-113
Recovery Concepts
Recovery Outline and Categorization of
Recovery Algorithms
Caching (Buffering) of Disk Blocks
Write-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and
Force/No-Force
Checkpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy
Checkpointing
Transaction Rollback
- 114. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-114
Recovery Techniques Based
on Deferred Update
Recovery Using Deferred Update in a
Single-User Environment
Deferred Update with Concurrent Execution
in a Multiuser Environment
Transaction Actions That Do Not Affect the
Database
- 115. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-115
Recovery Techniques Based
on Immediate Update
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on
Immediate Update in a Single-User
Environment
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on
Immediate Update with Concurrent
Execution
- 116. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-116
Shadow Paging
- 117. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-117
The ARIES Recovery
Algorithm
- 118. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-118
Recovery in Multidatabase
Systems
- 119. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-119
Database Backup and
Recovery from Catastrophic
Failures
- 120. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-120
Summary
- 121. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 20
Concepts for Object
Databases
- 122. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-122
Overview of Object-Oriented
Concepts
- 123. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-123
Object Identity, Object
Structure, and Type
Constructors
Object Identity
Object Structure
Type Constructors
- 124. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-124
Encapsulation of Operations,
Methods, and Persistence
Specifying Object Behavior via Class
Operations
Specifying Object Persistence via Naming
and Reachability
- 125. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-125
Type and Class Hierarchies
and Inheritance
Type Hierarchies and Inheritance
Constraints on Extents Corresponding to a
Type Hierarchy
- 126. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-126
Complex Objects
Unstructured Complex Objects and Type
Extensibility
Structured Complex Objects
- 127. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-127
Other Objected-Oriented
Concepts
Polymorphism (Operator Overloading)
Multiple Inheritance and Selective
Inheritance
Versions and Configurations
- 128. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 129. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 21
Object Database
Standards, Languages,
and Design
- 130. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Overview of the Object Model
of ODMG
Objects and Literals
Built-in Interfaces for Collection Objects
Atomic (User-Defined) Objects
Interfaces, Classes, and Inheritance
Extents, Keys, and Factory Objects
- 131. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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The Object Definition
Language ODL
- 132. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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The Object Query Language
OQL
Simple OQL Queries, Database Entry
Points, and Iterator Variables
Query Results and Path Expressions
Other Features of OQL
- 133. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Overview of the C++
Language Binding
- 134. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Object Database Conceptual
Design
Differences Between Conceptual Design of
ODB and RDB
Mapping and EER Schema to an ODB
Schema
- 135. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 136. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 22
Object-Relational and
Extended-Relational
Systems
- 137. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Overview of SQL and Its
Object-Relational Features
The SQL Standard and Its Components
Object-Relational Support in SQL-99
Some New Operations and Features in SQL
- 138. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Evolution and Current Trends
of Database Technology
- 139. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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The Informix Universal Server
Extensible Data Types
Support for User-Defined Routines
Support for Inheritance
Support for Indexing Extensions
Support for External Data Sources
Support for Data Blades Application
Programming Interface
- 140. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Object-Relational Features of
Oracle 8
Some Examples of Object-Relational
Features of Oracle
Managing Large Objects and Other Storage
Features
- 141. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Implementation and Related
Issues for Extended Type
Systems
- 142. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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The Nested Relational Model
- 143. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 144. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23
Database Security and
Authorization
- 145. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Introduction to Database
Security Issues
Types of Security
Database Security and the DBA
Access Protection, User Accounts, and
Database Audits
- 146. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Discretionary Access Control
Based on Granting and
Revoking Privileges
Types of Discretionary Privileges
Specifying Privileges Using Views
Revoking Privileges
Propogation of Privileges Using the GRANT
OPTION
An Example
Specifying Limits on Propagation of Privileges
- 147. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Mandatory Access Control
and Role-Based Access
Control for Multilevel Security
Comparing Discretionary Access Control
and Mandatory Access Control
Role-Based Access Control
Access Control Policies for E-Commerce
and the Web
- 148. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Introduction to Statistical
Database Security
- 149. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Slide 16-149
Introduction to Flow Control
Covert Channels
- 150. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Encryption and Public Key
Infrastructures
The Data and Advanced Encryption
Standards
Public Key Encryption
Digital Signatures
- 151. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 152. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 24
Enhanced Data Models
for Advanced
Applications
- 153. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Active Database Concepts
and Triggers
Generalized Model for Active Databases
and Oracle Triggers
Design and Implementation Issues for
Active Databases
Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules
in STARBURST
Potential Applications for Active Databases
Triggers in SQL-99
- 154. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, Calendars, and Time
Dimensions
Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using
Tuple Versioning
Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases
Using Attribute Versioning
Temporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2
Language
Time Series Data
- 155. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Multimedia Databases
Introduction to Spatial Database Concepts
Introduction to Multimedia Database
Concepts
- 156. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Introduction to Deductive
Databases
Overview of Deductive Databases
Prolog/Datalog Notation
Datalog Notation
Clausal Form and Horn Clauses
Interpretation of Rules
Datalog Programs and Their Safety
Use the Relational Operations
Evaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries
- 157. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 158. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 25
Distributed Databases
and Client–Server
Architectures
- 159. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Distributed Database
Concepts
Parallel Versus Distributed Technology
Advantages of Distributed Databases
Additional Functions of Distributed
Databases
- 160. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Data Fragmentation,
Replication, and Allocation
Techniques for Distributed
Database Design
Data Fragmentation
Data Replication and Allocation
Example of Fragmentation, Allocation, and
Replication
- 161. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Types of Distributed Database
Systems
- 162. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Query Processing in
Distributed Databases
Data Transfer Costs of Distributed Query
Processing
Distributed Query Processing Using
Semijoin
Query and Update Decomposition
- 163. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Overview of Concurrency
Control and Recovery in
Distributed Databases
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on
a Distinguished Copy of a Data Item
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on
Voting
Distributed Recovery
- 164. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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An Overview of 3-Tier Client-
Server Architecture
- 165. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Distributed Databases in
Oracle
- 166. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 167. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26
XML and Internet
Databases
- 168. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data
Model
- 169. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Slide 16-169
XLM Documents, DTD, and
XML Schema
Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents
and XML DTD
XML Schema
- 170. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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XML Documents and
Databases
Approaches to Storing XML Documents
Extracting XML Documents from
Relational Databases
Breaking Cycles to Convert Graphs into
Trees
Other Steps for Extracting XML Documents
from Databases
- 171. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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XML Query
XPath: Specifying Path Expressions in
XML
XQuery: Specifying Queries in XML
- 172. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 174. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Overview of Data Mining
Technology
- 175. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Association Rules
Market-Basket Model, Support, and Confidence
Apriori Algorithm
Sampling Algorithm
Frequent-Pattern Tree Algorithm
Partition Algorithm
Other Types of Association Rules
Additional Considerations for Association Rules
- 176. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Classification
- 177. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Clustering
- 178. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Approaches to Other Data
Mining Problems
Discovery of Sequential Patterns
Discovery of Patterns in Time Series
Regression
Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithm
- 179. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Applications of Data Mining
- 180. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Commercial Data Mining Tools
- 181. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 182. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 28
Overview of Data
Warehousing and OLAP
- 183. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Introduction, Definitions, and
Terminology
- 184. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Characteristics of Data
Warehouses
- 185. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Data Modeling for Data
Warehouses
- 186. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Building a Data Warehouse
- 187. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Typical Functionality of a Data
Warehouse
- 188. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Data Warehouse Versus
Views
- 189. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Problems and Open Issues in
Data Warehouses
Difficulties of Implementing Data
Warehouses
Open Issues in Data Warehousing
- 190. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Summary
- 191. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 29
Emerging Database
Technologies and
Applications
- 192. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Mobil Databases
Mobil Computing Architectures
Characteristics of Mobile Environments
Data Management Issues
Application: Intermittently Synchronized
Databases
Selected Bibliography for Mobil Databases
- 193. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Multimedia Databases
The Nature of Multimedia Data and
Applications
Data Management Issues
Open Research Problems
Multimedia Database Applications
Selected Bibliography on Multimedia
Databases
- 194. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Geographic Information
Systems
GIS Applications
Data Management Requirements lof GIS
Specific GIS Data Operations
An Example of a GIS Software: ARC-INFO
Problems and Future Issues in GIS
Selected Bibliography for GIS
- 195. Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition
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Genome Data Management
Biological Sciences and Genetics
Characteristics of Biological Data
The Human Genome Project and Existing
Biological Databases
Selected Bibliography for Genome
Databases
- 196. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A
Alternative Diagrammatic
Notations for ER Models
- 198. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix D
Overview of the QBE
Language