Insight Guide 1 - Human Behaviour

Evaluating mHealth
Adoption Barriers:
Human Behaviour
Vodafone mHealth Solutions
Insights Guide
mhealth.vodafone.com

Vodafone mHealth Solutions 3
Vodafone mHealth Solutions Insights Guide
Welcome
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in the different areas of healthcare to consider the
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share ideas that challenge the status quo so that together
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our ideas in the months to come.
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Head of Vodafone mHealth Solutions
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Table of contents
3 Welcome
4 C.1#"'%B'$%4("4(,
5 J$%2"'.49'9"+43(3%4,
6 !/.('2.(3"4(,'.49'/".#(/$.*"'2*%B",,3%4.#,',.@
8 F4'%<"*<3">'%B'&-".#(/'%22%*()43(@
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mHealth services
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26 Vodafone mHealth Solutions
26 References

Scope and !"#$%&%'$(
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including remote care and healthcare
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What patients and
healthcare professionals say
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Stakeholder Group What they want from mHealth
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diseases
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Patients C%'1"(("*'&.4.7"'.49'(*.$?'(/"3*'3##4",,",
Table 1 What HCPs and Patients say
What patients have to say
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them to monitor their condition outside
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the need arise.

What healthcare professionals
have to say
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Improving quality of life
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Reassurance
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either a doctor or a nutritionist. I can do
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Caring for patients
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and have that recorded and logged.
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Improved communication
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An overview of
mHealth opportunity
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as a result of a changing healthcare
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of chronic disease is rising and the economic
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remain at home. While some suggest that
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Figure 1 The common attributes of
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IMPACTENGAGEMENT
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By Fonny Schenck,
UK;'.('F$*%,,'-".#(/I'.4'
international management
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innovation in life sciences
Adopting technology:
understanding the challenges
for healthcare professionals

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Understanding health
psychology and the
science of behaviour
Introduction
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Existing theories
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and efforts to understand and account
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and its determinants continue across
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The Health Belief Model
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By Dr Juliet BedfordI'P%)49"*'.49'03*"$(%*'%B'F4(/*%#%73$.I'
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Theory of Planned Behaviour
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a concrete consequence.
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the resources needed in order to
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structural forces such as the reduced
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Behavioural
attitude
Subjective
norms
Perceived
behavioural
control
Intention Behaviour
Figure 2 Theory of Planned Behaviour

Social Cognitive Theory
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intervention strategies.
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Stage 4: ACTION
Dedicates considerable
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PREPARATION
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needs to set goals
and priorities
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CONTEMPLATION
Aware the problem exists
and serious evaluation
of options but not
committed to
take action
Stage 1:
No intention to
change, often unaware
of the problem
Stage 6:
EVALUATION
Assessment and feedback
to continue dynamic
change process
Stage 5:
ADAPTATION /
MAINTENANCE
Works to adapt and adjust
to facilitate maintenance
of change
PRE-CONTEMPLATION
Figure 3 Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change

Diffusion of Innovations Theory
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.993(3%4.#'34("*&"93.*3",'l$/.47"'.7"4(,'
.49'7.("?""2"*,m'.*"'.#,%'34i)"4(3.#:'
P3<"'$.("7%*3",'%B'.9%2("*'.*"'%)(#34"9'
>/3$/'B%##%>'.4'J=,/.2"9'93BB),3%4'$)*<"L'
344%<.(%*,I'".*#@'.9%2("*,I'".*#@'&.Y%*3(@I'
#.("'&.Y%*3(@I'.49'#.77.*9,:'
03BB),3%4'*",".*$/'/.,'B%$),"9'%4'+<"'
&.34'"#"&"4(,L'(/"'$/.*.$("*3,(3$,'%B'
.4'344%<.(3%4'>/3$/'&.@'34i)"4$"'3(,'
.9%2(3%4O'(/"'9"$3,3%4=&.?347'2*%$",,'
(/.('%$$)*,'>/"4'3493<39).#,'$%4,39"*'
(/"'.9%2(3%4O'(/"'$/.*.$("*3,(3$,'%B'
3493<39).#,'(/.('&.?"'(/"&'#3?"#@'(%'.9%2('
.4'344%<.(3%4O'(/"'$%4,"Q)"4$",'B%*'
3493<39).#,'.49',%$3"(@'%B'.9%2(347'(/"'
344%<.(3%4O'.49'$%&&)43$.(3%4'$/.44"#,'
),"9'34'(/"'.9%2(3%4'2*%$",,:'U#%,"#@'
#34?"9'(%'03BB),3%4'%B'644%<.(3%4,'C/"%*@'
3,'G"(>%*?'F4.#@,3,'.49'J%$3.#'G"(>%*?'
C/"%*@cb
'.49'U*3(3$.#'X.,,'C/"%*@31
.
0
100
75
50
25
Marketshare%
Innovators
2.5%
Early
Adopters
13.5%
Early
Majority
34%
Late
Majority
34%
Laggards
16%
Figure 4 Diffusion of Innovations Theory
X.*?"('2"4"(*.(3%4
f"<"#'%B'.9%2(3%4

''H%9.B%4"'&-".#(/'J%#)(3%4,''b
Technology Acceptance Model
C/"'C"$/4%#%7@'F$$"2(.4$"'X%9"#'3,'
%4"'%B'(/"'&%,('34i)"4(3.#'"D("4,3%4,'
%B'FYA"4E,'C/"%*@'%B'V".,%4"9'F$(3%4'.49'
C/"%*@'%B'R#.44"9'W"/.<3%)*:'0"<"#%2"9'1@'
0.<3,cI'cc
'3('3,'.4'34B%*&.(3%4',@,("&,'(/"%*@'
(/.('&%9"#,'/%>'),"*,'$%&"'(%'.$$"2('.49'
),"'.'("$/4%#%7@:'6('*"2#.$",'FYA"4E,'.((3()9"'
&".,)*",'>3(/'(>%'("$/4%#%7@'.$$"2(.4$"'
&".,)*",L'2"*$"3<"9'),"B)#4",,'l(/"'9"7*""'
(%'>/3$/'.'2"*,%4'1"#3"<",'(/.('),347'.'
2.*(3$)#.*',@,("&'>%)#9'"4/.4$"'/3,'%*'/"*'
Y%1'2"*B%*&.4$"mI'.49'2"*$"3<"9'".,"=%B=
),"'l(/"'9"7*""'(%'>/3$/'.'2"*,%4'1"#3"<",'
(/.('),347'.'2.*(3$)#.*',@,("&'>%)#9'1"'
B*""'B*%&'"BB%*(m:'C/"'&%9"#'.,,)&",'(/.('
>/"4',%&"%4"'B%*&,'.4'34("4(3%4'(%'.$(I'
(/"@'>3##'1"'B*""'(%'.$('>3(/%)('#3&3(.(3%4I'
>/"*".,'34'(/"'*".#'>%*#9I'(/"*"'>3##'1"'
<.*3%),'$%4,(*.34(,:';(/"*'&%9"#,'"D2#.34347'
.$$"2(.4$"'2"*$"2(3%4,'.49'1"/.<3%)*,'
.,,%$3.("9'>3(/'64B%*&.(3%4'C"$/4%#%7@'
34$#)9"'U%&2)("*'J"#B=KB+$.$@34
I'C.,?=
C"$/4%#%7@'P3(35
'.49'(/"'X%(3<.(3%4.#'
X%9"#36
.
United Theory of Acceptance and Use
'3.4"/5$'*'-6.7.8$%#"!.45"',6.'3.
Consumer Acceptance Technology
Recent studies have sought to integrate
,%&"'%B'(/"'2*3%*'&%9"#,:'H"4?.(",/37
"D.&34"9'"37/('%B'(/"'&%,('$%&&%4'
(/"%*"(3$.#'B*.&">%*?,'.49'&%9"#,'),"9'
(%'"D2#.34'3493<39).#'.9%2(3%4'.49'),"'%B'
("$/4%#%7@'.49'1*%)7/('(%7"(/"*'(/"3*'
&%,(',.#3"4('$/.*.$("*3,(3$,'(%'B%*&'.')43+"9'
(/"%*@I'M43("9'C/"%*@'%B'F$$"2(.4$"'.49'
M,"'%B'C"$/4%#%7@'l.#,%',""'+7)*"'`m:'
C/3,'2*","4(,'B%)*'?"@'9"("*&34.4(,'%B'),"'
l2"*B%*&.4$"'"D2"$(.4$@I'"BB%*('"D2"$(.4$@I'
,%$3.#'34i)"4$"'.49'B.$3#3(.(347'$%493(3%4,m'
and four moderators of individual use
l7"49"*I'.7"I'"D2"*3"4$"'.49'<%#)4(.*34",,m:'
J3&3#.*#@I'[)#<3>.(38
designed the Consumer
F$$"2(.4$"'%B'C"$/4%#%7@'B*.&">%*?'1@'
&"*7347'(>%'2*"<3%),#@')4*"#.("9'&%9"#,I'
(/"'C"$/4%#%7@'F$$"2(.4$"'X%9"#'.49'
(/"'R#".,)*"I'F*%),.#'.49'0%&34.4$"'
2.*.937&'%B'.BB"$('l9"<"#%2"9'.,'.'&%9"#'34'
"4<3*%4&"4(.#=2,@$/%#%7@'1@'X"/*.1.3439
I'
3(',)77",(,'(/.('.##'"&%(3%4.#'*",2%4,",'(%'
2/@,3$.#'.49',%$3.#'"4<3*%4&"4(,'$.4'1"'
$.2()*"9'>3(/'(/*""'93&"4,3%4,'%B'.BB"$(L'
2#".,)*"I'.*%),.#'.49'9%&34.4$"m:'
Sun and Zhang]b
'2*","4('.',@,("&.(3$'
.4.#@,3,'%B'(/"'"D2#.4.(%*@'.49',3().(3%4.#'
#3&3(.(3%4,'%B'"D3,(347'("$/4%#%7@'
.$$"2(.4$"',()93",:'C/"@'$.##'B%*'&%*"'
*",".*$/'34(%'(/"'3493<39).#'.49'$%4("D().#'
factors that are often neglected in
("$/4%#%7@'.$$"2(.4$"',()93",'1)('$.4'
1"'$*3(3$.#'34'(/"'.22#3$.(3%4'%B'(/"'
(/"%*"(3$.#'&%9"#,I'.49'39"4(3B@'("4'
&%9"*.(347'B.$(%*,'$%4,39"*"9'(%'1"'
34i)"4(3.#'l<%#)4(.*34",,I'(/"'4.()*"'%B'(.,?,'
.49'2*%B",,3%4,I'("$/4%#%73$.#'$%&2#"D3(@I'
(/"'2)*2%,"'%B'),347'("$/4%#%7@I'3493<39).#'
<,:'7*%)2'("$/4%#%73",I'7"49"*I'3493<39).#'
34("##"$().#'$.2.13#3(3",I'"D2"*3"4$"I'.7"'
.49'$)#()*.#'1.$?7*%)49m:
Adoption behaviours – barriers and
ways to overcome them
F,'(/"'+"#9'%B'&-".#(/'&.()*",I'%)*'
)49"*,(.49347'%B'.9%2(3%4'1"/.<3%)*,'
l1%(/'2%,3(3<"'.49'4"7.(3<"m'.,,%$3.("9'
>3(/'/".#(/'("$/4%#%7@')2(.?"'>3##'9"<"#%2'
34',$%2"'.49'4).4$":'C%'9.("I'*",".*$/'34'
(/3,'.*".'/.,'1""4'#3&3("9:'KD(*.2%#.("9'
B*%&'(/"'"D3,(347'#3("*.()*"I'(/"'B%##%>347'
1.**3"*,'(%')2(.?"',/%)#9'1"',""4'.,'.'
,(.*(347'2%34('B%*'B)()*"'>%*?:'F#(/%)7/'
&-".#(/'3,'%B("4'2%,3(3%4"9'%*'2"*$"3<"9'
.,'1"347'.'93,*)2(3<"'("$/4%#%7@'1@'
1%(/'/".#(/$.*"'2*%<39"*,'.49'*"$"3<"*,I'
34("*.$(3%4'%B("4'<.*3",'1"(>""4',(.?"/%#9"*'
7*%)2,:'!"'(/"*"B%*"'2*","4('(/"'9%&34.4('
1.**3"*,'B.$"9'1@'/".#(/$.*"'2*%<39"*,'
l1%(/'.,'3493<39).#,'.49'%*7.43,.(3%4,mI'
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34"<3(.1#"'%<"*#.2:'!.@,'(%'%<"*$%&"'
(/","'1.**3"*,'.*"'(/"4',"('%)(:
J"<"*.#'Q)%(",'.*"'34$#)9"9'>/3$/'.*"'
.9.2("9'B*%&'(/"',(.?"/%#9"*'*",".*$/'
$%&&3,,3%4'1@'H%9.B%4"1
.
Figure 5 United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
Performance
expectancy
Effort
expectancy
Social
influence
Facilitating
conditions
Behavioural
intention
Behaviour
Age
Experience
Gender
VoluntarinessofuseVoluntariness
Determinants
of use
Moderators of individual use

''H%9.B%4"'&-".#(/'J%#)(3%4,''e
Table 2 Barriers to health technology adoption – healthcare providers 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
Barrier )"#$%&%'$
Clinical issues 0%)1(,'.*3,347'%<"*'(/"'Q).#3(@'%B'$.*"'2*%<39"9'l.,,%$3.("9'>3(/'*3,?,'%B'#3(37.(3%4I'2.*(3$)#.*#@'34'(/"'MJFm
Cost / reimbursement -%>'(%'*"$%)2'34<",(&"4('.49'2.,,'%4'),"*'$%,('l",2"$3.##@'.'$%4$"*4'34'(/"'MJFm
Lack of evidence J$.4('"<39"4$"'.1%)('(/"'"BB"$(3<"4",,'%B'("$/4%#%7@'%*'/%>'&-".#(/'3&2*%<",'$#343$.#'%)($%&",I'
>%*?i%>'"($
Lack of
user-engagement
64.9"Q).("'2/@,3$3.4',)22%*('1.,"'.49'2/@,3$3.4=1.,"9'#".9"*,/32I'#3&3("9'34<%#<"&"4('34'9",374'%*'
3&2#"&"4(.(3%4I'$%4$"*4'.1%)('("$/4%#%7@
Organisational
structure
U%4$"*4,'.1%)('34("7*.(3%4'.49'34("*%2"*.13#3(@'%B'&-".#(/'34'$)**"4(',(*)$()*",
Privacy 6,,)",'%B'$%4+9"4(3.#3(@'.49'$%4,"4(
Security V"7.*9347'(*.4,&3,,3%4I',(%*.7"'.49'*"(*3"<.#'%B'$#343$.#'9.(.
Work load and
time management
64$*".,"9'(3&"',2"4('.49'*"#)$(.4$"'.1%)('Z%)(,39"'%B'%B+$"'/%)*,E'*",2%4,313#3(3",
9',:;'<.='!0*%&%"( f.$?'%B'2*%$",,",'.49'2*%$"9)*",'.*%)49'$%##"$(3%4I'%*7.43,.(3%4I'.4.#@,3,'%B'9.(.I'.49'/%>'(%'3&2#"&"4('
action needed
Clinical issues:
ZC/"'&%&"4('@%)E<"'7%('$%4(34)%),'
&%43(%*347'%4I'(/"*"'&37/('1"'.'#"7.#'
3&2#3$.(3%4'(/"*":'!/.('/.22"4,'3B'(/"'
4"(>%*?'7%",'9%>4'%*'@%)'7%'(%'.'2.*('%B'
(/"'/%,23(.#'>/"*"'3(E,'4%('.<.3#.1#"'.49'
,%&"(/347'>.,4E('23$?"9')2'2)*"#@'B%*'
(/.('*".,%4^'G%>'>/%E,'#3.1#"^'6,'3('(/"'
9.(.^'6,'3('(/"'$%&2.4@'(/.('&.?",'(/"'
9"<3$"^'6,'3('(/"'/%,23(.#'%*'(/"'$%&2.4@'
(/.('1)3#('(/"'/%,23(.#^'6,'3('(/"'9%$(%*'
.('(/"'"49^E
C/%)7/('f".9"*I'M[
Cost / reimbursement:
Z!"##I'6E9',.@'$%,(I')49"*,(.49347'%B'3(,'
)(3#3(@I'.4@(3&"'@%)'1*347'34',%&"(/347'
4">'5'2.*(3$)#.*#@'34'(/"'+"#9'%B'
("$/4%#%7@'5'$%4<34$347'2"%2#"'(/.('3(E,'
1*347347'1"(("*&"4(I'.4'.9<.4(.7"'(%'
(/"'>.@'(/.('(/"@E*"'9%347'(/347,I'(/.(E,'
.#>.@,'.'1.**3"*:E'
R/.*&.$")(3$.#I'MJ
ZC/"*"'3,'.'$%4$"2('$.##"9'$%,(=
%22%*()43(@'>/3$/'&".4,'(/.('(/"'
&%4"@'(/.('3,',2"4('%4',.43(.*@'3,,)",'3,'
(.?"4'B*%&'.4%(/"*'2#.$"v3B'@%)',2"49'
%4'("#"&"93$34"'.49'4%('34'.&1)#.4$",'
%*'"&"*7"4$@',@,("&,v3(E,'.'7*".('
*",2%4,313#3(@'(/"'>.@'@%)',2"49'&%4"@:E'
-%,23(.#I'J2.34
Lack of evidence:
ZC/"*"E,'Q)3("'.'B">'23#%(',()93",'Iv1)('
(/"'2*%1#"&'>3(/'.##'%B'(/%,"'3,'(/"@E*"'
<"*@',&.##',()93",:';*'"<"4'3B'(/"@'7%'
%4'.'@".*I'(/"@E*"'.'<"*@',"#"$('7*%)2'
%B'2.(3"4(,:'k%)'/.<"4E('9%4"'3('%4'
2%2)#.(3%4',$.#",',%'(*@347'(%'+49'.'
$%,('Y),(3+$.(3%4'B%*'(/.(vE'
C/%)7/('#".9"*I'M[

''H%9.B%4"'&-".#(/'J%#)(3%4,''
Organisational structure:
Z;4"'%B'(/"'*".#'$/.##"47",'B%*'),'3,'/%>'
>"'$.4'3&2*%<"'%)*',@,("&,',%'(/.('(/"@'
>%*?'&%*"'"B+$3"4(#@:'6(E,'.##'<"*@'>"##'
3&2*%<347'@%)*'1.$?'"49',@,("&,I'1)('
@%)E<"'7%('(%'1"'.1#"'(%'.$$",,'(/"&:'
C/"'?"@'2*%1#"&'B%*'),'3,'/%>'9%'@%)'
&.?"'(/","'43$"I',/34@I'4">',@,("&,'
.<.3#.1#"'(%'(/"'$#343$3.4,^'F49'%)*'?"@'
7%.#'3,'(%'&.?"'2.(3"4('34B%*&.(3%4I'*".#'
(3&"'2.(3"4('34B%*&.(3%4I'*"7.*9#",,'%B'
>/3$/',@,("&'3('$%&",'B*%&I'.<.3#.1#"'
B%*'(/"'$#343$3.4'.('(/"'2%34('%B'$.*":E'
-%,23(.#'X.4.7"*I'M[
Privacy:
Z!"'34$*".,"'34'.',3743+$.4('>.@'(/"'
*3,?'%B'4%('*",2"$(347'2"%2#"E,'*37/('(%'
2*3<.$@'.,'>"##'.,'2*3<.$@'%B'9.(.v(/"*"'
3,'4%'2*%2"*'*"7)#.(3%4'(%'2*%("$('9.(.'
.49'(/"'2.(3"4('34'(/"'B.$"'%B'(/"',2*".9'
%B'34B%*&.(3%4'(/*%)7/'("#"&"93$34":E'
G8;I'J2.34
Lack of user-engagement:
ZC/"'%4#@'(/347'(/.('(/","'2*%B",,3%4.#,'
,""'3,'(/.('(/"@'>3##'1"'%<"*1)*9"4"9:'
6(E,'$#".*'(/.('3B'(/"@'4%>'/.<"'ebb'
2.(3"4(,I'>3(/'("#"&"93$34"'(/"@'$%)#9'
/.<"'&.4@'&%*":E'
F$.9"&3$I'J2.34
Work load and time management:
Z6B'@%)',"4('%)('ebb'*"&349"*,I'4%>'
@%)E<"'7%('(%'*",2%49'(%'(/%,"'ebb'
*"2#3",:'K<"4'>3(/'"&.3#I'@%)'$.4',"49'
"&.3#,'(%'2.(3"4(,'>/%'.*"'%4'(/"3*'
&%13#",I'1)('3(E,'93B+$)#('1"$.),"'(/"4'
@%)',(.*('7"((347'(/"'"&.3#'Q)"*3",'
$%&347'34I'.49'@%)'$.4E(',3('.49'*",2%49'
(%'(/347,'"#"$(*%43$.##@'.##'(/"'(3&":'
X"93$.##@I'#"7.##@'@%)E*"'7%347'(%'*)4'
34(%'(*%)1#":'J%I'3(E,'7"((347'.*%)49'
(/%,"'$%4,(*.34(,:E'
8RI'J;MC-'FPV6UF
Z6B'.'#%('%B'2"%2#"'>"*"'),347'3(I'3('>%)#9'
*"Q)3*"'.4'"D(*.'"&2#%@""'(%'&.4.7"'
(/"'34B%*&.(3%4:E
8RI'J;MC-'FPV6UF
9',:;'<.='!0*%&%"(>
Z!/.('4""9,'(%'1"'9%4"'3,'(%'7.(/"*'
efforts to create a common information
,@,("&O'34',)$/'.'>.@'(/.('"<"*@'J2.43,/'
$3(3A"4'$%)#9'".,3#@'.49'*.239#@'#%$.("'.##'
(/"3*'$#343$.#'/3,(%*@'34'.'9.(.1.,"'.49'1@'
9%347',%'1"'$.2.1#"'(%',/.*"'>3(/',%&"'
%(/"*'9%$(%*,I'4%'&.(("*'>/"*"'@%)'>"*"'
.(I'J>3(A"*#.49'%*'X.9*39:E'
8RI'J2.34

''H%9.B%4"'&-".#(/'J%#)(3%4,''c
Table 3 Barriers to health technology adoption – patients48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Barrier )"#$%&%'$
Cost -%>'(%'B)49'93*"$('.49'.,,%$3.("9'$%,(,
Design of the
technology
U%&2#"D'34("*B.$"I'%1(*),3<"'("$/4%#%7@I'2/@,3$.#'.13#3(@'(%'),"'l$%493(3%4'%*'3&2.3*&"4(',2"$3+$m
Disruption to daily
routine and normal
healthcare practices
R"*$"3<"9'%*'.$().#'93,*)2(3%4:'U%&&%4'B".*'.&%47'2.(3"4(,'(/.(')(3#3,347'("$/4%#%7@'*3,?,'*"9)$347'%*'
#%%,347'93*"$('$%4(.$('>3(/'(/"3*'9%$(%*:
Lack of evidence F1%)('),"B)#4",,I'".,"=%*=),"I'.49'.$$",,313#3(@
Lack of knowledge G%'%*'#3&3("9'?4%>#"97"'.1%)('&-".#(/'2*%/313(,'343(3.#'2.(3"4('34("*.$(3%4
Lack of access F,'$%4,)&"*,I'2.(3"4(,'/.<"'#3((#"'349"2"49"4('.$$",,'(%'&-".#(/')4#",,'3('3,'93*"$(#@'*"$%&&"49"9'%*'
2*",$*31"9'l.#(/%)7/'.<.3#.13#3(@'.49'.$$",,'(%'1%(/'$#343$.#'.49'4%4=$#343$.#',&.*(2/%4",'.22,'3,'34$*".,347m
Level of technology
literacy
0373(.#'93<39"'.49'<.*3.1#"'#"<"#,'%B',?3##'l#"<"#'%B'(/*".('2"*$"3<"9'1@'4">'("$/4%#%7@m
Privacy !/%'/.,'.$$",,'(%'(/"3*'9.(.'l,"$)*3(@'3,'4%(',)$/'.'$%4$"*4'B%*'2.(3"4(,'>/%'*"7.*9"9'3('.,'("$/43$.#'3,,)"'
(/.(',/%)#9'1"',%#<"9'2*3%*'(%'("$/4%#%7@'*%##'%)(m
Reliability of the
technology
V3,?'%B'("$/43$.#'B.3#)*"'%*'"**%*'#".9347'(%'"#"<.("9'/".#(/'*3,?
Cost:
Z`bb'2%)49,'>3##'&".4',%&"(/347'(%'
&"I'1)('B%*',%&"%4"'"#,"'`bb'2%)49,'
&37/('1"'2"*$"3<"9'.,'.'#%('%B'&%4"@'
.49'3(E,'<"*@'/.*9'>3(/'(/","'$%,(347,:'
F49'>/.("<"*'>.@'@%)'#%%?'.('3('3B'@%)E*"'
(.#?347'.1%)('"Q)32&"4('.('.'/".<@'2*3$"'
3(E,'7%('1"'&".4,'(",("9'1"$.),"'(/"'
G.(3%4.#'-".#(/'J"*<3$"'
Y),('$.4E('.BB%*9'3(:E'
03.1"(3$'R.(3"4(I'M[
Disruption to normal healthcare
practices:
Z6'(/34?'9%$(%*,'>3##'/.<"'#%47"*'34("*<.#,'
1"(>""4'<3,3(,'1"$.),"'@%)E*"'&%*"'
$%<"*"9I'>/3$/'>%)#9'&.?"'&"'9%)1(I'
1"$.),"'6'#3?"'B.$"=(%=B.$"'$%4(.$('>3(/'
&@'9%$(%*I'1"347'.1#"'(%'("##'/3&'.1%)('
&@'2*%1#"&,:E'
03.1"(3$'R.(3"4(I'J2.34
Level of technology literacy:
ZF4@'9"<3$"'&),('1"'),"*=B*3"49#@:'k%)'
,/%)#94E('4""9'.'9"7*""'(%'),"'3(:'6(E,'+4"'
B%*'.'b'@".*'%#9I'1)('>"'9394E('7*%>')2'
>3(/'("$/4%#%7@'(/"'>.@'@%)47'2"%2#"'
939:'6'9%4E('?4%>'/%>'(%',"(')2'&@'0H0:E'
03.1"(3$'R.(3"4(I'qF
Privacy:
Z;4"'%B'(/"'1377",('/)*9#",'(/.('
@%)E*"'7%347'(%'/.<"'(%'7%'%<"*'3,'(/"'
.13#3(@'(%'"4,)*"'2.(3"4(,'(/.('(/"3*'9.(.'
3,'2*%("$("9I'(/.('3('3,'4%('1"347'),"9'
B%*'"D.&2#"I'1@'34,)*.4$"'$%&2.43",'
(%'2*"<"4('(/"&'B*%&'7"((347'34,)*.4$"'
1"$.),"'(/"@'/.<"'.'2.*(3$)#.*'
7"4"(3$'&.*?"*:E'
C/%)7/('f".9"*I'MJ

''H%9.B%4"'&-".#(/'J%#)(3%4,'']
Table 4 Ways to overcome barriers53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
How to overcome
the barrier
)"#$%&%'$
Complement/augment
normal practices
K4,)*"'("$/4%#%7@'.99,'<.#)"'.49',)22#"&"4(,'/".#(/$.*"'2*.$(3$",
Cost / reimbursement X.?"'3('$%,('"BB"$(3<"I'9"<"#%2'4">'1),34",,'&%9"#,
)0&0.(?"/%#/0&%'$( Collect targeted data that is required
Design and properties X.D3&3,"'(/"'),"*'"D2"*3"4$"'(/*%)7/'(.*7"("9'34("*B.$"'(/.('.##%>,'B%*'2"*,%4.#3,.(3%4I'$),(%&3,.(3%4'.49'
.9.2(3%4I'&.?"'3('9",3*.1#"
Evidence V37%*%),'"<.#).(3%4'.49'"<39"4$"=1.,"9'*",)#(,
Increase awareness,
knowledge base and
recognition
W)3#9'$%4,"4,),'.*%)49'>/.('3,'.<.3#.1#"I'>/"4I'>/@'.49'>/.('(/"'.9<.4(.7",'.*"'l),"*,'$.4'4%('.9%2('
("$/4%#%73",')4#",,'(/"@'?4%>'(/"@'.*"'.<.3#.1#"m:'V"9)$347'(/"'7.2'1"(>""4'(/"'2*"='.49'2%,(=),"'
2"*$"2(3%4,'%B'2.(3"4(,'.49'/".#(/$.*"'2*%<39"*,'3,'3&2%*(.4('.49'$%)#9'#".9'(%'/37/"*'.$$"2(.4$"'*.(",
Increase accessibility 64$*".,347'(/"'<3,313#3(@'%B'&-".#(/'3,'%4#@'2.*('%B'(/"'"Q).(3%4:'F<.3#.1#"'("$/4%#%73",'&),('1"'2.$?.7"9'
.49'%BB"*"9'34'>.@,'(/.('"4.1#"'$%4,)&"*,'(%'.$$",,'(/"&'93*"$(#@:
Organisational
support
M49"*234'("$/4%#%7@'>3(/',@,("&,'.49'2*%$",,",'(%',)22%*('%*7.43,.(3%4.#',(*)$()*",'34'>/3$/'3('>3##'
%2"*.("O'"4,)*"'34("7*.(3%4I'34("*%2"*.13#3(@'.49',(.49.*93,.(3%4
Overall, ensure the
2"$"#&(.'1&<"%-5.
the costs
F9%2(3%4'>3##'B%##%>'.4'J=,/.2"'93BB),3%4'$)*<"'(/.('4"$",,3(.(",',),(.34"9'"47.7"&"4('.49'$%&&3(&"4('
from the end users
Privacy J%#<"'#"7.#'.49'*"7)#.(%*@'3,,)",'.1%)('2*3<.$@'.49'$%4(*%#'%B'9.(.
Security J%#<"'("$/43$.#'3,,)",'.*%)49',"$)*3(@'%B'(*.4,&3,,3%4I',(%*.7"'.49'*"(*3"<.#'%B'$#343$.#'9.(.
Training C*.34'3493<39).#,'34'(/"'.22#3$.(3%4'.49'2*.$(3$.#3(3",'%B'(/"'("$/4%#%7@
User development K47.7"'.##',(.?"/%#9"*,'34'2*%9)$('9"<"#%2&"4('(%'"4,)*"'3(,'?"@'*"Q)3*"&"4(,'.*"'&"(I'3('3,'),"*'9*3<"4'
(/*%)7/'2.*(3$32.(3%4I'.49'3,',$.#.1#"
9',:;'<.='!0*%&%"( K4,)*"'34B%*&.(3%4'$%##"$(3%4I'.4.#@,3,I'.49'93,,"&34.(3%4'3,'"B+$3"4(
Applying behavioural theories in
technology and health
64'(/"'.9%2(3%4'.49')(3#3,.(3%4'%B'&-".#(/I'
1"/.<3%)*.#'.((3()9",'.*"'#3?"#@'(%'1"'&%*"'
3&2%*(.4('(%'2*%7*",,'(/.4'("$/4%#%7@'tc]u:'
F,'X.*(34,'tcu'$%4$#)9",I'&-".#(/'2"*',"'
3,'Z4%('"4%)7/'(%'3&2*%<"'/".#(/$.*"I',34$"'
3&2*%<347'$.*"I'%*',)22%*(347'3(I'3,'&%*"'(/.4'
Y),('73<347'2*%B",,3%4.#,'l.49'2.(3"4(,m'".,3"*'
.$$",,'(%'34B%*&.(3%4'.49'$%&&)43$.(3%4E:
6('3,'>39"#@'.$?4%>#"97"9'(/.('&-".#(/'
/.,'(/"'2%("4(3.#'(%'3&2*%<"'/".#(/'
%)($%&",I'1)('>"'&),('9"&%4,(*.("'
/%>'.49')49"*,(.49'>/@:'C/"'1.**3"*,'
39"4(3+"9'.,'2*%/313(347'(/"'*".9@'.9%2(3%4'
%B'&-".#(/'$.4'1"'93<39"9'34(%'+<"'34("*=
*"#.("9'$.("7%*3",L',%$3.#O'$#343$.#O'("$/43$.#O'
"$%4%&3$O'.49'%*7.43,.(3%4.#'%*'#%73,(3$.#'
l.#,%',""'+7)*"'_m:'
X"$/.43,&,'.49',(*.("73",'$.4'1"'2)('
34'2#.$"'(%'&343&3,"'(/"3*'3&2.$(L'"&2#%@347'
"BB"$(3<"'9",374'(/"%*@'>3##'*",)#('34'
34$*".,347#@'*"+4"9'.49'.22*%2*3.("'
34("*B.$",'1"347'9"<"#%2"9O'"&2#%@347'
%*7.43,.(3%4.#'$/.47"'(/"%*@'>3##'$*".("'
,(.1#"'34,(3()(3%4.#',@,("&,'.49'>%*?i%>,'
(/.('$.4'34$%*2%*.("'("$/4%#%7@'(%'3&2*%<"'
"B+$3"4$@O'"&2#%@347'(.*7"("9',%$3.#'
&.*?"(347'>3##'*.3,"'.>.*"4",,'%B'
(/"'("$/4%#%73",E'"D3,("4$":
C/"'2%("4(3.#'%B'&-".#(/'3,'"D("4,3<"'
.49',)22%*(,'.'B)49.&"4(.#'$/.47"'34'(/"'
>.@'(/.('-UR,'.49'2.(3"4(,'34("*B.$"'>3(/'
healthcare. Whilst changes are required for
-UR,'(%'1"'.1#"'(%'$%2"'>3(/'4">'/".#(/$.*"'
9"&.49,'.49',),(.34'(/"'Q).#3(@'%B'$.*"I'.,'.'
93,*)2(3<"'344%<.(%*I'(/"'B.$('3,'(/.('&-".#(/'
34(*%9)$",'$/.47"I'.49'$/.47"'&.@'
4"7.(3<"#@'3&2.$('3(,'.9%2(3%4'.49'$.),"'
4%4=)2(.?":'64'(/"'Q)%("'%4'(/"'4"D('2.7"I'
B%*'34,(.4$"I'$%4$"*4,'.1%)('"#3&34.(347'
$%##".7)",E'Y%1,'2*%/313('(/"'*".9@'.9%2(3%4'
of technological interventions.

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Insight Guide 1 - Human Behaviour

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