Schizophrenia, Diagnosis,

1. Presented By-
Sanjeev Mishra
MSB/20/150
Topic- Schizophrenia

2. Index
• Introduction
• Epidemiology
• Types
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Medications:-
• Antipsychotics Drugs
• Clinical Efficacy
• Treatment Algorithm
• References

3. Introduction
• Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder
in which people interpret reality
abnormally.
• Schizophrenia may result in some
combination of hallucinations, delusions,
and extremely disordered thinking and
behavior that impairs daily functioning and
can be disabling.
• People with schizophrenia may seem like
they have lost touch with reality, which
causes significant distress for the
individual, their family members, and
friends.
• Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but
treatment can help manage the symptoms.

4. Epidemiology
• The prevalence of schizophrenia
ranges from 0.6% to 1.9%, with
an average of approximately
1%
• Schizophrenia most commonly
has its onset in late
adolescence or early adulthood
and rarely occurs before
adolescence or after the age of
40 years. The peak ages of
onset are 20–38 years for
males and 26–32 years for
females.
• Slightly more men are
diagnosed with schizophrenia
than women (on the order of
1.4:1) and women tend to be
diagnosed later in life than
men.

5. Types Of
Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia isn’t just one type of disorder. It is a term used to classify a series of mental health
disorders that fall along the same spectrum.
• There are several different types of schizophrenia depending on the person’s symptoms, but
generally, the main types of schizophrenia include paranoid schizophrenia, catatonic
schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia and undifferentiated
schizophrenia.
1. Paranoid Schizophrenia:- It is the most common form of schizophrenia and is usually
characterized by positive schizophrenia symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.
2. Catatonic Schizophrenia:- They may not react to stimuli, stay in strange body positions,
make odd movements, or even have rigid limbs that will stay in the position that they are
moved to.
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia:- It is also called disorganized schizophrenia because these
people usually have disorganized speech and behavior. They may also have inappropriate
emotional responses or lack of any emotional response.
4. Residual Schizophrenia:- It when people have a history of positive schizophrenia
symptoms but now only have lingering negative symptoms or none. These lingering
symptoms may include poor attention, some mental disorganization, and emotional
withdrawal.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia:- It is the classification given to people who may not fit
into any of these other classifications of schizophrenia because they are showing
symptoms for more than one kind. These people may exhibit both negative and positive
symptoms.

6. Symptoms
• Behaviors and functional deficiencies seen in schizophrenia
vary widely among patients. Signs and symptoms are divided
into three clusters- positive, negative and cognitive.

7. Diagnosis
• DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA : It includes the criteria in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), published by the American PsychiatricAssociation.
• MEDICAL HISTORY: A thorough medical history is the first step in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
This may be done to find other problems that could be causing symptoms and to check for any
related complications.
• BLOOD TESTS & IMAGING : A Complete Blood Count (CBC) test is helpful to monitor general health
and rule out other conditions that may have been responsible for the symptoms. A blood test can
provide accurate information about the involvement of recreational drugs. In some cases, certain
imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scan
may aid in the diagnosis.
• PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION : A doctor or mental health professional checks mental status by
observing appearance, demeanor and asking about thoughts, moods and awareness. A person may
be diagnosed if they have at least 2 of the following symptoms usually over a month :
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized behavior
• Disorganized speech and thought processes
• Catatonic behavior, presenting as strong daze or hyperactivity
• Negative symptoms, impaired normal function

8. Medications:-
Antipsychotics

9. Clinical
Efficacy Of
Antipsychotic
Drugs

10. Clozapine
• The first of the new generation, clozapine is the only drug that
has been shown to be effective where other antipsychotics
have failed.
• Clozapine was developed as an antipsychotic drug during the
1960s.
• It decreases hallucination and helps to prevent suicide in
people who are likely to try to harm themselves.
USE:-
• It helps to think more clearly and positively and take part in
everyday life.
PHARMACOKINETIC:-
• Metabolized in liver by CYP34A with average half-life 12 hours.
• Bioavailability is 60 to 70%.

11. Treatment
Algorithm

12. References
• Schizophrenia. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-
disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia. Accessed Sept. 5, 2019.
• Schizophrenia Commission. The abandoned illness: a report from the Schizophrenia Commission. London: Rethink Mental
Illness. 2012
• Patel, K. R., et al. (2014). Schizophrenia: Overview and treatment options.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061/
• Kooyman I, Dean K, Harvey S, Walsh E. Outcomes of public concern in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;194:s29–s36. -
PubMed
• https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-meds-drug-interactions#1
• Haggard, Patrick; Martin, Flavie1; Taylor-Clarke, Marisa; Jeannerod, Marc1; Franck, Nicolas1,CA NeuroReport: May 23rd, 2003 -
Volume 14 - Issue 7 - p 1081-1085 doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000073684.00308.c0
• Herbert Y. Meltzer Pages 1-20 | Accepted 29 Oct 1997, Published online: 26 Aug 2008
https://doi.org/10.1185/03007999709113338
• Pictures are taken from Google.