Here, You will get know about the connection of chemistry and chemical engineering. It is first part of the Unit Process series. In this part I am covering Unit Process like Combustion, Oxidation, Causticization, Nitration and Isomerization.

1. SAMICAL

2. Unit Processes (Part-1)
Topics Covered:
1. Combustion
2. Oxidation
3. Causticization
4. Nitration
5. Isomerization

3. Combustion
Explanation
❑ Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen.
❑ It produces gaseous mixture of product which is known as smoke.
❑ Complete combustion produces CO2 and H2O, if CO is formed, then the reaction is known as partial combustion.
❑ It is spontaneous reaction.
e.g. 2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g) → 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)
(octane)
Applications Equipment Use For That
Fuel and Power Boilers (steel, Firebrick)

4. Oxidation
Explanation (Discussion is limited to oxygen transfer)
❑ In terms of oxygen transfer, oxidation is defined as the chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen.
e.g. 4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Al2O3 (s)
(alumina)
Applications Equipment Use For That
Waste Water Treatment Tanks (Concrete)
Water gas Generators (steel, brick)
Industrial gases (CO2, H2) Boilers (steel, brick), Reactors (Alloy steel)
Phosphoric acid from Phosphorus Oxidizers (Carbon, graphite)
Sulphuric Acid Sulphur burners (steel), Converters (steel, cast iron), Chambers (lead lined)
Nitric Acid from NH3 Oxidizers (steel)
Paints and Pigments Reactors, kettles, mixers (steel)
Linoleum Oxidizing rooms (brick)
Perfumes Reactors (enamel, steel)
Fermentation: Acetic, Critic and Gluconic acids Tanks (wood, stainless steel), Trays (aluminum)
Phthalic Anhydride Reactors (steel)
Formaldehyde Oxidizers (steel) with silver gauze catalyst
Acetic Acid from (CH3CHO) Reactors and condensers (stainless steel)
Camphor Reactors (stainless steel)

5. Causticization
Explanation
❑ Causticization is a function in which sodium carbonate in green liquor reacts with calcium hydroxide from slaker to form
sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.
e.g. Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2NaOH
Applications Equipment Use For That
Caustic Soda Causticizers (steel)

6. Nitration
Explanation
❑ In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group into an organic
compound.
❑ Organic compounds are nitrated by both ionic and free-radical reactions. Ionic nitration are employed extensively with
aromatics, compounds containing hydroxyl groups and amines. Free-radical nitration is used for paraffins and cycloparaffins.
❑ Nitrating agents are: mixtures of HNO3 and H2SO4, mixtures of N2O5 and HNO3, mixtures of N2O4 and H2SO4, HNO3 and
NO2.
e.g. C6H6(l) + HNO3(l) → C6H5NO2(l) + H2O
(benzene) (nitrobenzene)
Applications Equipment Use For That
Intermediates for dyes, nitrobenzene etc. Nitrators (cast iron and stainless steel)
Nitro-paraffins Nitrators and Separating Columns
Explosives Nitrators (cast iron and stainless steel)
Perfumes Reactors (Copper)

7. Isomerization
Explanation
❑ Isomerization is the process in which a molecule, ion or molecular fragment is transformed into an isomer with a
different chemical structure isomerization. e.g. tautomerization.
❑ When the isomerization occurs intramolecularly it may be called as rearrangement reaction.
❑ Catalyst used for isomerization are Fridal-Craft catalyst, tungsten sulfide, bifunctional catalysts , zeolite containing catalyst
with noble metals like Pt or Pd and complex catalysts.
e.g. n-Butane Iso-Butane
Applications Equipment Use For That
Petroleum Industry Isomerizers (steel)
heat

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