4. Markers Type
Morphological Markers
• In phylogeny, markers that are
related to variation in shape, size,
color and surface of various
organism’s parts are
called morphological markers.
• Such markers refer to available gene
loci that have obvious impact
on morphology of the organism.
Molecular Markers
• In genetics, markers that identify a
particular sequence of DNA/gene in
a pool of unknown DNA and can
change the genotype of the
organism is called molecular marker.
• Any major change in the gene
sequence can have major impact on
the genotype of the organism.
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42. Types of Clade
• A valid clade is monophyletic , signifying that it consists of the
ancestor species and all its descendants.
• A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and some,
but not all, of the descendants.
• A polyphyletic grouping consists of various species that lack a
common ancestor
43.
44.
45. Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived
Characters
• In comparison with its ancestor, an organism has both shared and
different characteristics.
• A shared ancestral character is a character that originated in an ancestor
of the taxon.
• A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a
particular clade.
• A character can be both ancestral and derived, depending on the
context. When inferring evolutionary relationships, it is useful to know
in which clade a shared derived character first appeared.
48. Orthologous and Paralogous
• Orthologous genes are found in a single copy in the genome and are
homologous between species.
• They can diverge only after speciation occurs
• Paralogous genes result from gene duplication, so are found in more
than one copy in the genome.
• They can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve
new functions
