In this file I have discussed various topics that are related to journalism, communication & public relations ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )

1.  What is Research methodology? Discuss the importance and types of
research methodology.
Introduction
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. It’s
about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable
results that address the research aims and objectives.
Methodology
Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of
research.
The techniques or the specific procedure which helps to identify, choose, process,
and analyze information about a subject is called Research Methodology.
Importance of Research Methodology in Research
To solve the difficulties coming in the way of Research is the main work of
designing a methodology. It is necessary not just to identify the problem for
Research but to determine the best method to solve that problem as well.
For instance to understand: the person who is researching need not just to know
how to calculate mean etc. for a set of data, or how to find a solution of a physical
system, or how to find the roots of algebraic equations but also need to know-
(i) A suitable method for the decision problem.
(ii) The order of accuracy of the outcome of a way for the problem.
(iii) The efficiency of the way.
Types of research methodology

2. There are different types of Research Methodology used in conducting research.
Research methodology professors have concluded these methods, and according to
them, Qualitative research methodology and Quantitative research methodology
are two main types of research methodology.
Qualitative Research Methodology:
The qualitative research methodology is descriptive and subjective irrespective of
facts. Observation and description are more important in this type of Methodology.
The main aim of this type of Methodology is to evaluate knowledge, attitudes,
behaviors, and opinions of people about the Research’s topic.
Quantitative Research Methodology:
This type of research methodology tests the importance of the Hypothesis of
Research. This is a systematic research methodology and is in numbers. The
quantitative research methodology includes laboratory experiments, econometric,
mathematical calculations, surveys, simulation etc. The measurement, quantity or
amount is the critical factor in Quantitative research methodology.
Mixed Methodology
Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative research. This type of
methodology uses several different measures that include both contextual
understanding like interviews or observations along with facts or statistics. Using
mixed methods can help the researcher investigate a topic on multiple levels,
gaining different views and a comprehensive look at the subject.

3.  What is journalism? Discuss the types of journalism.
Introduction
Journalism is a profession that involves collecting information about a particular subject,
then reporting findings and conclusions to a wider audience through print, digital or
broadcast media.
Journalism
Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about things that really happened,
but that they might not have known about already.
Common types of journalism
There are many different types of journalism used depending on the topic and
preference of the writer.
1. Investigative journalism
Investigative journalism involves thoroughly researching a topic to expose
evidence and deliver findings of figures or organizations to a wider audience.
Investigative journalists conduct in-depth research and use various tactics to collect
information.
2. Watchdog journalism
Watchdog journalism is a genre intended to guard society against illegal activity or
inefficiency from societal powers, such as corporations and politicians. It is similar
to investigative journalism.

4. 3. Online journalism
Online journalism reports facts through internet media, such as digital newspapers,
blogs or social media. All kinds of information is freely available on the internet,
but sources are not always credible.
4. Broadcast journalism
Broadcast journalism reports information to the public through media such as radio
and television. Branches of broadcast journalism include sports, weather, traffic,
news and entertainment. Broadcast journalism can also take the form of
investigative, watchdog and opinion types.
5. Opinion journalism
Opinion journalism reports on a topic using subjective ideas rather than objective
facts. Opinion journalists report stories from their own perspective, including their
own thoughts and biases. Opinion journalism is unique from other types because
the writer can include their viewpoint.
6. Sports journalism
Sports journalism focuses on the subject of athletic news. Sports journalists report
scores, standings and rankings for different teams or athletes in different sporting
events.
7. Trade journalism
Trade journalism reports on a particular industry or field. Trade journalists detail
movements and developments in business that impact people involved in that field.

5. 8. Entertainment journalism
Entertainment journalism relates to the current events of popular figures and
trends. Entertainment journalists report on the entertainment business, including
celebrities, movies, television, books and events.
9. Political journalism
Political journalism focuses on government, politics and political candidates. It
covers different segments of political activity, such as local, national or
international news.
Conclusion
Journalism is thus to provide citizens with the information they need to make the
best possible decisions about their lives, their communities, their societies, and
their governments.
 What are the characteristics of news?
Introduction
News is a textual genre, and its primary purpose is to let the reader and viewer is
informed. Characteristics of News are being described here.
Characteristics of news
There are five major Characteristics of News. These are in the following:
1. Accuracy
2. Balance
3. Objectivity
4. Concise and clear

6. 5. Timeliness
Accuracy
This is the first and foremost characteristics of news. News should be accurate and
must be well sourced, supported by strong evidence, examined and tested, clear
and unambiguous.
Balanced
News is to be balanced though it is not an easy task to write news which is
balanced in every respects, a severe effort must be made by a reporter to render the
account of any event in the best possible manners.
Objectives
Objectivity means that when covering hard news, reporters don’t convey their own
feelings, biases or prejudices in their stories; they accomplish this by writing
stories using a language that is neutral and avoids characterizing people or
institutions in ways good or bad.
Concise and Clear
Conciseness requires that needless words be omitted, that only such details be
given as are necessary for effective presentation of the subject, and that the length
of the story be proportionate to the importance of the material. News also should
be clear in word and sources.
Timeliness
A good story contains current information that occurs the day of or the day before,
and if possible, is reported before competitor journalists.
Conclusion

7. Above all are the important characteristics of news. If a journalist maintains these
characteristics he/she will be able to write a good news story.
 What do you mean mass media? What are the functions of mass media?
Introduction
Mass media are the powerful means that do not only influence today’s world but
also shape the globe of tomorrow. In this case, mass medium perform essential task
in order to cast its effect to the audience and maintain the
society.
Mass media
Mass media are the means of public communication reaching to the large,
scattered, heterogeneous and anonymous audience at the same time.
Functions of mass media
Following are the main functions of mass media
a. Information: Dissemination of information is the major function of mass
media. Since information is knowledge and knowledge is power, media offer
authentic and timely facts and opinions about various event and situations to mass
audience as informative items. Information provided by mass media can be
opinionated, objective, subjective, primary and secondary.
b. Education: Media provide education and information side by side. It provides
education in different subjects to people of all levels. They try to educate people
directly or indirectly using different forms of content. Distance education program,
for example, is a direct approach. Dramas, documentaries, interviews, feature
stories and many other programs are prepared to educate people indirectly.
c. Entertainment: The other important function of mass media is the
entertainment. It is also views as the most obvious function of media. Actually,
entertainment is a kind of performance that provides pleasure to people. Mass

8. media fulfill this function by providing amusement and assist in reducing tension
to large degree. Newspaper and magazines, radio, television and online medium
offer stories, films, serials, and comics to entertain their audience. Sports, news,
film review, columns on art and fashion are other instances.
d. Persuasion: It is another function of mass media. Persuasion involves making
influence on others mind. Mass media influence audience in varieties of ways.
Media content builds opinions and sets agendas in the public mind. It influences
votes, changes attitudes and moderates behavior. Using editorials, articles,
commentaries and among others, mass media persuades audience.
Surveillance: Surveillance denotes observation. Here observation means to watch
the society closely. The function of mass media is to observe the society closely
and continuously and warn about threatening actions to the mass audience that are
likely to happen in future in order to decrease the possible loss.
Interpretation: The mass media do not supply just facts and data but also
explanations and interpretation of events and situations. Media offer various
explanations correlating and interpreting information to make the reality clear.
Unlike normal reporting, interpretation functions provide knowledge.
Linkage: The function of mass media is to join together different elements of
society that are not directly connected. For instance: mass advertising attempts to
link the needs of buyers with the products of sellers.
Socialization: Socialization is the transmission of culture. Media are the reflectors
of society. They socialize people, especially children and new-comers.
Socialization is a process by which, people are made to behave in ways that are
acceptable in their culture or society.
Conclusion

9.  What is public relation? Discuss the importance and functions of public
relations.
Introduction
In the era of globalization, the most of the multinational companies make concrete
efforts to manage and maintain its relationships with its customers. Most of the
multinational companies have its public relation department that makes all effort to
monitor the attitude and perceptions of customers. Public relation is an important
element in the promotion mix.
Public relations
Public relations are the practice of understanding the purpose of an organization
and its relationships within society.
Functions of public relations
Following are the important functions of public relations
(1) Press relations – To put information about organization in a very positive way.
(2) Publicity of Product – It can be done by publicizing the events to make
publicity of Products.
(3) Effective Communication – It is necessary to create and promote understanding
of the organization. It can be obtained through internal and external
communication.
(4) To Promote Lobbying – It necessary to deal with legislators or government as
to encourage or discourage a particular legislation or regulation.
(5) Counseling – It is to advice the management about public issues, position of the
company and image during the good and bad times.

10. Importance of Public Relations
With over 63% of the value of most companies dependent on their public image,
public relations have become a very important topic today for numerous reasons:
Builds Up the Brand Image
The brand image gets a boost when the target customers get to know about it
through a third party media outlet. A good public relations strategy help the brand
builds up its image in a way it wants to.
It’s Opportunistic
Public relations strategies make the brand capitalize on the opportunities. Google
was in the news for donating to Ebola. Facebook promoted LGBTQ rights. Coca-
Cola did a PR stunt against obesity.
These opportunities even attract many influencers to share the brand story to their
followers.
Promote Brand Values
PR is used to send out positive messages which are in line with the brand’s value
and its image. This builds up the brand’s reputation.
Strengthen Community Relations
PR strategies are used to convey that the brand is as much part of the society as the
target audience. This builds up a strong relationship of the brand with the public.

11. What is communication? What are the types of communication?
Introduction
Communication is a Latin word which means ‘to share’. It is the sharing of
information between different individuals. It includes the sharing of ideas,
concepts, imaginations, behaviors and written content. Every communication
involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient.
Communication
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place,
person or group to another.
Important elements of communication
There are three elements necessary to conduct a communication i.e. the sender, a
medium (the platform over which information is conducted) and a recipient. The
sender is the most involved person with a full understanding of that matter which
he wants to deliver.
On the other hand, the receiver does not necessarily know about the sender and the
subject of information which the sender aims to deliver.
Types of communication
There are different kinds of information. The two major types are verbal
communication and non-verbal communication.

12. Verbal communication
Verbal communication is the sharing of information through speech. It includes the
information that people hear on radios, televisions, telephones, speeches and
interviews.
Non-verbal communication
Written or spoken words are not the only means for sharing a message. When there
is no use of words, and the recipient understands what the sender is asking, then it
is known as non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is conducted
through eye contact, postures, gestures, facial expressions.
Verbal communication also divides into two types. These are
a. Oral Communication
Oral communication is the exchange of information and ideas through spoken
word. It can be directly in person in a face-to-face interaction or through an
electronic device such as a phone or radio.
b. Written Communication
Written communication includes the kind of information transfer where the
encoding of a message is done in written form. The message may only be written
in words, or it may include different symbols, or sometimes even machine codes.
Depend on the participants of communication it can be divide into three types.
These are:

13. a. Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal communication is communication you have with yourself: spoken,
written or thought.
b. Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and
feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods.
c. Mass Communication
Mass communication is the process of exchanging information
through mass media to large segments of the population.
 How do you define community radio? Explain the importance of
community radio.
Introduction
Community radio is known for greatly improving a community's quality of life.
Community radio usually is a short-range, not-for-profit radio station or
channel that caters for the information needs of people living in a particular
locality, in the languages and formats that are most adapted to the local
context. Community radio stations can be mobilized for campaigns.
Community radio
Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in
addition to commercial and public broadcasting.
Importance of community radio
There are some importances of community radio these are given below

14. Service for Root level Population
Community radio has been established mainly for local level rural population.
Main target group of community radio are the general villagers who are the
listeners of radio. Community radio will create awareness among the villagers
about social issues and will also entertain them. It will give information regarding
agriculture, purchase and production, rainfall updates, emergency alerts etc.
Minimizing the Crime
Community radio can minimize crime from two perspectives. Firstly, after
committing crime, the community people will inform their community radio about
the crime and then this information would be shared to other people of other areas,
police and other law enforcing agencies.
Education for All
Community radio can perform a significant role for educating the illiterate section
of our country. Programs and contents of community radio are community-oriented
as well as life oriented which are important elements for understanding local issues
and problems.
Community radio informs listeners
Like all radio stations, community radio informs people. But in this case, it informs
people about what is happening in their specific community, not in the country as a
whole.
Community radio speaks to people in their own language
People always prefer to have shows in their own language; whether it’s news,
chats, sports, weather, etc. Using a language that is spoken by the majority of the
community ensures that a large majority of the community will be able to consume
the content put out by the radio station.

15. Community radio helps to build a sense of community
Community radio gives a voice to the voiceless communities. Listeners are
empowered to express their opinions or point of view on what matters to them.
Community radio promotes economic growth
This type of radio station promotes economic growth via local entrepreneurs and
traders who can advertise their business. However, political parties are not allowed
to advertise on community radio.
Conclusion
Radio is popularly known as the mass media which has the maximum number of
listeners. It has significant effect on the societal condition of our country till now.
In today’s world, people are acquainted with FM radio and community FM radio
has the capacity to reach the local level rural population.
 Discuss about prominent journalist in Bangladesh.
Prominent journalist in Bangladesh
There are many prominent journalist in Bangladesh among them five are discussed
below
Monajatuddin
Monajatuddin was a Bangladeshi investigative journalist. He was born in 1945. He
passed matriculation from Rangpur Kolashranjon School and Intermediate
Examination from Rangpur Carmichael College. Monajatuddin started his career
with the Bogra Bulletin in the 1960s. He then worked for a short while with Dainik
Purbadesh and Dainik Azad. He then worked for almost 20 years as a regional
correspondent in Dainik Sangbad. for his work he was awarded Ekushey Padak in
1997, by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1995, while investigating two boat
capsizing events, he accidentally fell into the water from a ferry on the Padma
River and died.

16. A B M Musa
A B M Musa was a Bengali journalist. He was born in Feni District in on 28
February 1931. He was educated in Chittagong Government Moslem High School,
Noakhali Zila School, Comilla Victoria Government College and Choumohoni
College. In Choumohoni College he first got into journalism as an editor of the
College newspaper Koifoyot. Musa started his career as a journalist in 1950 with
the then Daily Insaf. He moved to the daily Pakistan Observer in the same year. He
was a founder of Pakistan Journalists Union and elected general secretary of the
then East Pakistan Journalists Union. Musa was a correspondent
of BBC and Sunday Times during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. He
was one of the founder members of Jatiya Press Club. In 1971 he
joined Bangladesh Television (BTV) as its Director General. Later in his life he
worked as the editor of Daily Jugantor during 2004–05. Musa was an elected
Member of Parliament (MP) from Feni constituency in 1973 as an Awami
League candidate. He was awarded Ekushey Padak for journalism in 1999 by the
Government of Bangladesh. He was died on 9 April 2014.
Ataus Samad
Ataus Samad was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was born November 16, 1937
in Kishoreganj District. He earned Post graduation degree from University of
Dhaka in 1959. He worked at Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) for a long time.
Started his journalism career in 1959. He was the chief reporter of the Pakistan
Observer from 1965 to 1969. He was the general secretary of the East Pakistan
Union of Journalists from 1969 to 1970. Between 1982 and 1994, Samad was the
special correspondent of BBC in Dhaka. He was also a special correspondent
of Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS) in New Delhi during 1972 to 1976. He
served as the advisory editor of the daily Amar Desh. He was awarded Ekushey
Padak in 1992 by the Government of Bangladesh. He was died on 26 September
2012.
Gias Kamal Chowdhury
Gias Kamal Chowdhury was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was born in Sharishadi
village in Feni Sadar Upazila. In 1964 he started his career in journalism with the

17. Dhaka Times. Later he joined Morning News. He was the Dhaka correspondent
of Voice of America. Chowdhury was the president of National Press Club, Dhaka
Union of Journalists and Bangladesh Federal Union of Journalists. He was the
chief reporter of Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. He was awarded Ekushey
Padak in 1992 by the government of Bangladesh. He was died on 26 October 2013.
Humayun Kabir Balu
Humayun Kabir Balu was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was born on 4 October
1947. Balu was the editor of Dainik Janmbhumi. He was the president of Khulna
Press Club in 1984, 1998 and 2003. He became the vice-president of Khulna Zonal
Newspaper Editors' Association in 1990 and a member of Mongla Port Authority
in 1998. In 1976, Balu was elected publicity secretary of Khulna City Awami
League. Balu was very active in politics before the independence of Bangladesh. In
2004, Balu was killed in a bomb attack in front of his own house after coming from
his mother's house while entering the house getting down from the car with his
three children in Khulna City. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2009 by the
Government of Bangladesh.
Humayun Kabir Dhali
Tofazzal Hossain Manik mia
Shafik Rehman
 Impact of climate change in Bangladesh
Introduction
Impact of Climate Change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable nations to the impacts of Global Climate
Change. Bangladesh is watered by a total of 57 trans-boundary rivers coming down
to it: 54 from neighboring India and 3 from Myanmar, and situated at the bottom of
the mighty GBM river system. Nearly a quarter of Bangladesh is less than seven
feet above sea level. More than one thousand people are living persqkm with the
national population increasing by 2 million people each year. Almost half of the
population is in poverty.

18. Impact of climate change in Bangladesh
Bangladesh experiences different types of Natural Disasters almost every year
because of the Global Warming as well as Climate Change impacts, these are:
Floods / Flash Floods
Almost 80% of the total area of the country is prone to flooding.
Cyclones and Storm Surges
South and South-eastern Parts of the country were hit by Tropical Cyclones during
the last few years.
Salinity Intrusion
Almost the whole Coastal Belt along the Bay of Bengal is experiencing Salinity
problem
Extreme Temperature and Drought
North and North-western regions of the country are suffering because of the
Extreme Temperature problem.
Sectoral Impacts
Agriculture
The economy of Bangladesh is based on Agriculture mainly, with two thirds of the
population engaged (directly or indirectly) on Agricultural activities; although the
country is trying move towards industrialization slowly during the last one and a
half decade almost. So, the overall impact of Climate Change on Agricultural
production in Bangladesh would be wide spread and devastating for the country’s
economy.
Fisheries
The fisheries sector has also experienced an adverse affect because of the impacts
of Climate Change. The fisheries sector contributes about 3.5% of the GDP in
Bangladesh and people depend on fish products in order to meet up majority of

19. their daily protein requirements. There are around 260 species of fish in the
country and almost all the varieties are sensitive to specific salt and freshwater
conditions.
Water Resources and Hydrology
In a high density country like Bangladesh, the effects of Climate Change on the
Surface and Ground water resources will be very severe and alarming. Changes to
water resources and hydrology will have a significant impact on the country’s
economy.
Coastal Areas
Almost one fourth of the total population of the country live in the coastal areas of
Bangladesh, where majority of the population are somehow affected (directly or
indirectly) by Coastal Floods / Tidal Surges, River-bank Erosion, Salinity, Tropical
Cyclones etc. With the rise of Sea-level up to one meter only, Bangladesh could
lose up to 15% of its land area under the Sea water and around 30 million people
living in the coastal areas of Bangladesh could become Refugees because of
Climate Change impacts.
Forestry / Biodiversity
Bangladesh has got a wide diversity of Ecosystems including Mangrove forests at
the extreme south of the country. The “Sundarbans” a World Heritage, is the
largest Mangrove Forest in the world, comprising 577,00 ha of land area along the
Bay of Bengal. A total of 425 species have been identified there, the most
significant is the famous Royal Bengal Tiger. Therefore, Climate Change impacts
will have negative effects on the Ecosystem of the Forest recourses in Bangladesh
while the Sundarbans is likely to suffer the most.
Conclusion

20. People are losing their Homesteads, Agriculture fields, Sweet water Ponds,
Fishery, Poultry, Livestock and everything. Becoming Homeless - taking shelter in
the roadside Unhygienic Squatters and Slums.
 Role of ICT for the development in Bangladesh
Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia. According to
the World Bank 2019 report, Bangladesh is among the five fastest-growing
economies in the world. Furthermore, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has
indicated that the economy of Bangladesh should grow at a rate of 7.3 percent this
year, which is the second-highest in the world after Rwanda. These are possible
for the development of ICT sectors.
Role of ICT for the development in Bangladesh
Make Digital Bangladesh
Information and Communication Technology helps to make digital Bangladesh,
where ensuring people’s democracy and human rights, transparency,
accountability, establishing justice and ensuring delivery of government services to
the citizens of Bangladesh through maximum use of technology.
Educational Development
To make the best use of new technologies to build world- class skills in all areas of
study specially mathematics, science, and English language. Providing vocational
and ‘lifelong education’ opportunities to the youth and adults in order to retool
them and build newer skills to improve their productivity.
Online banking
An electronic payment system that enables customers of a financial situation to
conduct financial transactions on a website operated by the institution. Referred as
Internet banking, e-banking, virtual banking and by other terms.
E-Commerce

21. The buying and selling of products or services over electronics system through
internet or others computer networks. e-Commerce combines few range of
processes, such as
1. Electronic data interchange (EDI).
2. Electronic mail (Email).
3. World Wide Web (WWW).
4. Internet applications.
5. Network applications.
Online shopping
Online shopping (sometimes known as e-tail from "electronic retail" or e-
shopping) is a form of electronic commerce. Exam- priyoshop.com Daraz.com.bd
www.aponzone.com
E-Registration and License for New Business
Register the business company at the office of the Register of Joint Stock
Companies and Farms.
Infrastructure for Public Service
Information and Service Centers (UISC) have been established in every Union.
Include birth registration, online registration for prospective migrant workers,
mobile ban king services, life insurance and Tele-medicine health service.
E-Tax
(NBR) initiated E-TIN service from July, 2013. From 30th June, 2014, tax payers
won’t be able to pay their taxes without registering in E-TIN.
E-land record system (E-Porcha)
Maintaining analogue and paper-based land records encouraged ‘Red Tapism’ and
made the service inaccessible without having proper channels.
Electronic Birth registration system

22. Government is delivering birth registration certificates through online from 2013.
Agricultural Development
Extension of agriculture and providing correct & necessary information to the
farmers are the major keys of agriculture development in Bangladesh. Mobile
phone playing a huge role in this context. Ministry of agriculture has disseminated
12000 mobile phone to agricultural extension agent. Information required for a
farmer government has launched a website (www.ais.Gov.bd) which will provide
all the information requires for a farmer.
Conclusion
Digital Bangladesh” is an integral part of the present government’s Vision 2021,
the country is committed to achieving substantial progress in the ICT sector,
making “Digital Bangladesh” a reality.