Turbo machines are those mechanical devices which either extract energy from or impart energy to, a continuous moving stream of fluid. Pump is one of the most important and widely used turbo machines which basically impart energy to a moving fluid. Mechanical energy developed inside the pump is transferred to the moving fluid as hydraulic energy.

1. Pump
Saif Rahman Khan
Lecturer, Dept. of Mechanical and Production Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
141-142, Love Road, Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh
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2. What is Pump?
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A pump is a mechanical device which transfer energy from an external
source to the liquid flowing through a conduit.
Applications:
1. To lift liquid from a lower
level to higher level
2. To increase the pressure
energy

3. Diaphragm
Piston
Plunger
ReciprocatingRotary
Mixed flow
Gear
Lobe
Sliding Vane
Screw
Axial flow
Centrifugal
Rotodynamic
Turbine
Positive displacement
Classification
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Pump

4. Centrifugal Pump
Main parts of centrifugal pump are:
► Strainer ► Impeller
► Foot Valve ► Casing
► Suction pipe ► Delivery pipe
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5. Centrifugal Pump (Continued)
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6. Centrifugal Pump (Continued)
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Priming
As the electric motor
starts running, it also
rotates the impeller
Rotation of impeller
creates suction at the
suction pipe & water is
sucked from sump to the
eye of impeller
Due to centrifugal force acting
on water, water starts moving
radially outward & towards
outer of casing
Since impeller is rotating at high
velocity, it also rotates the water
it in casing. The area of casing
increasing gradually in the
direction of rotation & so,
velocity of water decreases &
pressure increases at outlet
From outlet, water
goes to its desired
location through
delivery pipe

7. Reciprocating Pump
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8. Reciprocating pump (Continued)
 Figure shows a single acting reciprocating pump, which consists of a piston which moves
forwards and backwards in a close fitting cylinder.
 The movement of the piston is obtained by connecting the piston rod to crank by means
of a connecting rod. The crank is rotated by means of an electric motor.
 Suction and delivery pipes with suction valve and delivery valve are connected to the
cylinder.
 The suction and delivery valves are one way valves or non return valves, which allow the
water to flow in one direction only.
 Suction valve allows water from suction pipe to the cylinder while delivery valve allows
water from cylinder to delivery pipe only.
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9.  When crank starts rotating, the piston moves to and fro in the cylinder.
 When crank is at A, the piston is at the extreme left position in the cylinder.
 As the crank is rotating from A to C (i.e. from ϴ=0o toϴ=180o), the piston is
moving towards right in the cylinder. The movement of the piston towards right
creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder.
 But on the surface of the liquid in the sump atmospheric pressure is acting,
which is more than the pressure inside the cylinder.
 Thus, the liquid is forced in the suction pipe from the sump. This liquid opens
the suction valve and enters the cylinder.
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10.  When crank is rotating from C to A (i.e. from ϴ=180o to ϴ=360o), the piston from
its extreme right position starts moving towards left in the cylinder.
 The movement of the piston towards left increases the pressure of the liquid
inside the cylinder more than atmospheric pressure.
 Hence suction valve closes and delivery valve opens.
 The liquid is forced into the delivery pipe and is raised to a required height.
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11. Difference Between Centrifugal & Reciprocating Pump
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12. Priming of Centrifugal Pump
 It is defined as the process in which the suction pipe, casing of pump and a
portion of delivery pipe up to the delivery valve is completely filled up from
outside source with the liquid to be raised by the pump before starting the pump.
 Why priming is needed in centrifugal pump: When a centrifugal pump dry
start, the vacuum at the suction will draw air into the system. When there is air in
the system pump can’t produce required pressure head due to the density of air.
Priming is the process to get rid of the air drawn in during dry startup.
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13. Cavitation
 It is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquids
in a region where the pressure of liquid falls below its vapor pressure and sudden
collapsing of these vapor bubbles in a region of high pressure.
 Effects of cavitation:
1. The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the surfaces.
2. Due to sudden collapse of vapor bubbles, considerable noise and vibrations are
produced.
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14. Precautions Against Cavitation
 Lower the temperature of liquid is pumped
 Increase the diameter of the impeller eye.
 Reduce the RMP of motor if possible
 Raise the liquid level in the suction vessel.
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15. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
 It is the difference between the NPSH available (NPSHa) at the pump’s inlet and
the NPSH required (NPSHr) by the pump to operate without cavitation.
 NPHSr- the NPSH required by the pump at a particular flow- depends on the
pump design, the rotational speed of its impellers, and its age. This data is
provided by the pump manufacturer.
 NPHSa—the NPSH available at the inlet—depends entirely on the operating
environment, including the temperature of the fluid being pumped.
 NPSH= NPSHa – NPSHr; it is crucial to maintain this difference positive otherwise
cavitation will occur.
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16. References
 Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications By YUNUS A CENGEL & JOHN M. CIMBALA
 Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White
Thank You
➡ If you have any query regarding the topic, feel free to contact me at
+8801747212021 (Whatsapp) or mail at saif.mpe@aust.edu
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