class-9th ncert

3. Impure substances: Mixtures

4. Separation Of Mixtures

5. Evaporation is a type of
vaporization of a liquid that occurs
only on the surface of a liquid.
The other type of vaporization is
boiling, which, instead, occurs on
the entire mass of the liquid.
With sufficient heat, the liquid
would turn into vapor quickly.
APPLICATIONS:-When clothes are hung

6. By Separating Funnel
A mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated
by
using a Separating Funnel.
The Separation of two immiscible liquids by a
separating funnel is based on the difference in their
densities…..
: The mixture is put into a separating
funnel, shaken and allowed to settle. The oil and water
from two separate layer. The liquid with higher
density, in this case water forms the lower layer.
Remove the stopper and open the tap after standing.
The water runs out through the tap. The oil remains in
the funnel and can be run out into another beaker.

7. Most of the solids substances when heated
changes into liquid and finally into Vapours (or
gas).
This vapour on cooling ,first forms liquid and
finally the solids.
On the other hand there are some solid
substances like ammonium chloride which directly
changes into vapours on heating and the vapours
gives back solid substance on cooling.
 The change of a solid directly into a vapour on
heating and of the vapuor into solids on cooling is

8. Distillation
 Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form vapour and then cooling the vapour to get back
the liquid…
 Liquids
 The liquid obtained by condensing the
vapours is called distillate.
 Process in which the components of a substance or
liquid mixture are separated by heating it to a
certain temperature and condensing the Resulting
Vapors…..
Vapours(or gas)
Heating
Cooling

10. Chromatography
The process of separation of component of a mixture is know as
Chromatography .
Chromatography is the technique used for the separation of those solutes
that dissolve in the same solvent…..
Crystallization
 The substances when present in well defined geometrical shapes Are called
crystals. These are formed when a hot saturates solution of salt is allowed
to cool slowly and undisturbed.
 The process of preparation of crystals is termed as crystallization…..