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Anatomy of spine
- 1. SPINAL CORD BY Dr. SAHIL MITTAL
- 3. INTRODUCTION Part of central nervous system. It is a long cylindrical cord. Serve as a pathway for transmitting the information between brain and peripheral nervous system. Has 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
- 4. FEATURES Length :- 45 cm in males and 42 cm in females Weight :- 30g Extends from upper border of atlas vertebrae to lower border of first lumber vertebrae. Superiorly :- Continuous with medulla oblongata Inferiorly :- Terminate as conus medullaris In children extends up to 3rd lumber vertebrae
- 5. Medulla oblongata:- Bottom part of the brain. And helps to control the vital process of the body. That is blood pressure, breathing etc. Conus medulleris:- It is terminal end of the spinal cord (Bulbous part). Its end continuous as filum terminale.
- 8. The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal so they do not lie opposite to the corresponding vertebrae.
- 11. MENINGIAL COVERING Spinal cord is surrounded by 3 meninges:- Dura matter Arachnoid matter Pia matter
- 12. Space between dura matter and arachnoid matter is subdural space. Space between arachnoid matter and pia matter is subarachnoid space. Space between meningeal layer and endosteum is epidural space. Subarachnoid space contain CSF and it is withdraw through lumber puncture.
- 13. S.C extends to conus medullaris. Below the level of conus medullaris pia matter is continued called filum terminale. Pia matter undergoes modification to keep spinal cord in position:- Ligamenta denticulata Linea splendens Filum terminale
- 14. 1. Ligamenta denticulate:- 21 pairs of projection Fuse laterally with arachnoid and dura matter. It keeps spinal cord in position. 2. Linea splendens:- Thickening at anteromedioan sulcus in lower part of S.C.
- 17. 3. Filum terminale :– a) It is 20 cm long. b) It is attached to periosteum of 1st segment of coccyx. c) It mainly involves:- 1. Filum terminale internum :- It is 15 cm long upper part. And extends up to lower border of second sacral vertebrae. {ONLY PIA} 2. Filum terminale extermun :- It is lower part outside the dura matter. And attached to 1st segment of coccyx. {ALL MEMINGES FUSED}
- 19. Periosteum :- The membrane of blood vessel and nerves that wrap around most of your bones. Each coccygeal bone will have its own individual periosteum.
- 40. NUCLEI IN SPINAL CORD Grey matter arrange in 3 horns :- 1. Anterior is motor 2. Lateral is visceral efferent and afferent 3. Posterior is sensory
- 44. Alpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. The lower motor neuron is responsible for transmitting the signal from the upper motor neuron to the effector muscle to perform a movement. They prevent excessive muscle movement. Damage to lower motor neuron cell bodies or their peripheral axons results in paralysis (loss of movement) or paresis (weakness) of the affected muscles.
- 45. The muscular system is divided into axial and appendicular divisions. Axial muscles support and position the axial skeleton. Appendicular muscles support, move, and brace the limbs. The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
- 48. Preganglionic neurons are a set of nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the ganglia. Postganglionic neurons are a set of nerve fibers that present in the autonomic nervous system connecting the ganglia to the effector organs. A ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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