ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY KARACHI, PAKISTAN

2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
By
NAME Seat No.
1. HARIS AHMED CE-18208
2. KHIZER SALEEM KHAN CE-18221
3. RAHEEL JAMLANEY CE-18222
4. MUHAMMAD KHAWAR MURTAZA CE-18226
Department of Civil Engineering 2

3. • Slope stability background.
• Higher elevation is more susceptible to slope failure.
• Lower elevation less susceptible to slope failure.
• Northern Pakistan and its slope failure vulnerability.
• Natural hazards due to slope failure.
• Methods for Slope Stability analysis.
• Importance of Slope Stability and its analysis.
• Impacts of slope stability on the society, economy of country etc.
Department of Civil Engineering 3
Introduction

4. Department of Civil Engineering 4

5. Slope Cross Section
Department of Civil Engineering 5

6. FYP Midterm Exam 2021 Department of Civil Engineering 6
SITE: CHARSADDA
Charsadda is destrict in the province of KPK. It lies
about 30 km from Peshawar (province capital).

7. FYP Midterm Exam 2021 Department of Civil Engineering 7
SLOPE CROSS SECTION
(CHARSADDA)

8. Objectives
• To evaluate the issues which are
responsible for slope failures
• To perform deterministic and non
deterministic analysis of selected case study
FYP Final Exam 2022 Department of Civil Engineering 8

9. Scope and Limitations of work
• The study is limited to the Northern areas of
Pakistan
• Sites taken into consideration for the study were
Havelian and Charsadda
• Due to the prevailing conditions of the country,
no sites were visited.
Department of Civil Engineering 9
FYP Final Exam 2022

10. Literature Review
Author Case Summary
Young Chul
Han(2019)
case study of slope detoraition;simbal
landslide, salt range, pakistan
Quantitative approach to evaluate the slope stability due
to deterioration, a methodology to evaluate the slope
stability using limit equilibrium analysis of slope with
optimum strength reduction.
Dr. Waqas
ahmed(2018)
slope stability analysis of miacher
landslide,upper hunza , gilgit baltistan
In the existing strength parameters and simulated results
of slope /w, it is inferred that miacher active landslide is
stable in the existing conditions as all FOS is greater than
1.
Muhammad
Zohair(2019)
analysis for stabilization of soil slope in
silty soil with replacement of soil
cement
The FOS improved significantly after replacing soil
cement by both methods.
Muhmmad
Waseem
(2021)
slope stabilityanalysis of qalanderabad
land slide
the FOS increases with increase in cohesion and internal
friction angle, however , increase in unit weight and
overburden pressure result in decrease in FOS.
Muhammad
Farooq
Ahmed(2016)
slope failure analysis of havelian land
slide
The shear strenght of matrix soil decresed with the
increases in degree of saturation percentage and slope
become critical around 50% degree of saturation.
Department of Civil Engineering 10
FYP Final Exam 2022

11. Methodology
Department of Civil Engineering 11
Selection of slope geometry
Slope angle Slope height Soil type
Defining problem in Slope/W
Type of analysis Slope geometry Soil parameters
Defining problem in Slope/W
Critical FOS Failure Pattern
Result interpretation
Explanation of computed results
Perform numerical analysis
Deterministic Analysis Probabilistic Analysis
FYP Final Exam 2022

12. Department of Civil Engineering 12
Probabilistic Analysis
Characterization of slope geometry, other necessary
information and probability distributions of
uncertainties concerned
Generating “n‟ sets of random samples according to
prescribed probability distributions
Repeated ‘n’
times
Performing statistical analysis of resulting ‘n’
sets of output
Calculate probability of failure ‘Pf’ and
reliability index
Methodology
FYP Final Exam 2022

13. Parameters For Analysis
• Location : Havelian, District Abbottabad.
• Soil type: Silty Soil
• Angle of internal friction (Φ): 30o
• Unit Weight: 20 KN/m3
• Cohesion (c): 5 KPa
• Slope Angle: 35o
Department of Civil Engineering 13
FYP Final Exam 2022

14. Department of Civil Engineering 14
Havelian: Slope Geometry
FYP Final Exam 2022

15. Janbu:Deterministic analysis
(Havelian)
Department of Civil Engineering 15
FYP Final Exam 2022
1.484

16. Havelian Probabilistic analysis with
constant ‘c’
Department of Civil Engineering 16
FYP Final Exam 2022
5.99

17. Department of Civil Engineering 17
Havelian Probabilistic analysis with
constant ‘Φ’
FYP Final Exam 2022
4.84

18. Havelian Deterministic Analysis
Results
Department of Civil Engineering 18
METHOD OF
ANALYSIS
CRITICAL
SLIP
NUMBER
FACTOR OF
SAFETY
ORDINARY 229 1.582
JANBU 227 1.487
BISHOP 226 1.636
MORGENSTERN-
PRICE
226 1.632
FYP Final Exam 2022

19. Department of Civil Engineering 19
Havelian Probabilistic Analysis
Results
Constant C
Slice # Mean
FOS
Min FOS Max
FOS
Reliability
Index
P of
failure
Standard
Deviation
227 1.485 1.15 1.77 5.99 0 0.08
Constant Phi
Slice # Mean
FOS
Min FOS Max FOS Reliability
Index
P of
failure
Standard
Deviation
227 1.485 1.046 1.821 4.84 0 0.099
FYP Final Exam 2022

20. Parameters of analysis
• Location: Charsadda Landslide
• Upper layer:
 Angle of internal friction (Φ): 30o
 Unit Weight: 15 KN/m3
 Cohesion (c): 5 KPa
 Slope Angle: 35o
• Lower Layer:
 Angle of internal friction (Φ):25o
 Unit Weight:18 kN/m3
 Cohesion (c): 10 Kpa
 Slope Angle:17o
Department of Civil Engineering
20
FYP Final Exam 2022

21. Charsadda: Slope Geometry
Department of Civil Engineering 21
FYP Final Exam 2022

22. Janbu: Deterministic analysis
Charsadda
Department of Civil Engineering 22
FYP Final Exam 2022
1.431

23. Charsadda Probabilistic analysis with
constant C
Department of Civil Engineering 23
FYP Final Exam 2022
23.629

24. Department of Civil Engineering 24
Charsadda Probabilistic analysis
with constant Φ
FYP Final Exam 2022
37.66

25. Charsadda Deterministic Analysis
Results
Department of Civil Engineering 25
METHOD OF ANALYSIS CRITICAL
SLIP
NUMBER
FACTOR
OF
SAFETY
ORDINARY 324 1.488
JANBU 319 1.43
BISHOP 273 1.63
MORGENSTERN-PRICE 273 1.61
FYP Final Exam 2022

26. Department of Civil Engineering 26
Charsadda Probabilistic Analysis
Results
Constant C
Slice # Mean
FOS
Min FOS Max
FOS
Reliability
Index
P of
failure
Standard
Deviation
324 1.49 1.40 1.56 23.63 0 0.02
Constant phi
Slice # Mean
FOS
Min FOS Max
FOS
Reliability
Index
P of
failure
Standard
Deviation
324 1.488 1.43 1.53 37.66 0 0.012
FYP Final Exam 2022

27. Conclusions
• The deterministic analysis is not effective if the soil parameters are
constant.
• The deterministic analysis very conservative values for FOS
• In probabilistic analysis the variation of particular or numerous
variables can have a significant impact on the result.
• In probabilistic analysis, spatial number for trails are run for variable
soil parameters.
• Jambu technique provides the most critical FOS.
• More cohesive slopes are less vulnerable to slope failure and vice
versa.
• A mixture of cohesive and non-cohesive soils, having significant factors
of safety may also be utilized.
• The angle of friction (Φ) tells us how much shear stress a unit of soil
can stand up to.
• The bearing capacity of soil is directly proportional to the Angle of
Friction (Φ) of that particular soil.
Department of Civil Engineering 27
FYP Final Exam 2022

28. FYP Midterm Exam 2021 Department of Civil Engineering 28
Recommendations
 The slope is dependable for a long time if the forces available to resist movement is stronger
than that of the forces causing movement.
 Study different cohesive-frictional soil slopes as well as different multi-layered soil slopes
using limit equilibrium methods i.e. Spencer Method.
 Development of practical means to evaluate and analyse the spatial variability of pore water
pressure and data for the probability of cross-sectional dependence to increase the reliability
of the obtained results.
 Further research is needed to develop both deterministic and probabilistic methods to
estimate and assess the movements of slopes in different areas and their effects on slope
stability.
 Random Finite Element Method (RFEM) which considers the shear strength parameters of
soil to pinpoint the geographical distribution, critical slip surfaces, and slope failure.
 the flexible examination of the Seismic motion of slopes and its responses.

29. Department of Civil Engineering 29