.
a fundamental knowledge and understanding of the mechanics of fluid at rest and in motion by describing and observing fluid phenomena and by developing and using the principles and laws for analyzing fluid interactions with natural and constructed systems.
4. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
Four Eons of Geologic Time
5. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
“Hidden Eon”
“Ancient Eon”
“Earlier Life”
“Visible Life”
6. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Holocene
Quat.
Paleogene
Neogene
540
510
439
408
360
323
290
245
208
146
57
35
23
5
1.6
.01
0
Carb.
Quat. = Quaternary
Carb. = Carboniferous
Ma
65
RIP
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
Eons
7. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Holocene
Quat.
Paleogene
Neogene
540
510
439
408
360
323
290
245
208
146
57
35
23
5
1.6
.01
0
Carb.
Quat. = Quaternary
Carb. = Carboniferous
Ma
65
RIP
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
Eras
8. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Holocene
Quat.
Paleogene
Neogene
540
510
439
408
360
323
290
245
208
146
57
35
23
5
1.6
.01
0
Carb.
Quat. = Quaternary
Carb. = Carboniferous
Ma
65
RIP
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
Periods
9. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Holocene
Quat.
Paleogene
Neogene
540
510
439
408
360
323
290
245
208
146
57
35
23
5
1.6
.01
0
Carb.
Quat. = Quaternary
Carb. = Carboniferous
Ma
65
RIP
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P
Epochs
10. What records the passing of
geologic time?
• Formation of rock layers
• Sediments are deposited over time in layers.
• Each layer traps and records information
about the time during which it formed.
• Sedimentary layers are analogous to the
pages that compose the book of Earth
History.
14. East Devonshire
Problem - how do you determine the order in which rock
layers formed?
At a single place, layers can
be ordered using the law of
Superposition.
oldest
less old
even less old
younger
youngest
time
16. SE Coast of England
Within a local region, rock layers can be correlated on the
basis of their lithology (physical characteristics) to define
a geologic system.
NW Coast of France
19. Primary
Secondary
Transitional
Tertiary
Diluvial
post-Diluvial
circa 1790
Parisian gypsum beds
London clay
alluvium
Sicilian strata
English chalk
Oolites
Lias
New Red Sandstone
Muschelkalk - Trias
Magnesian Limestone
Coal Measures
Mountain Limestone
Old Red Sandstone
Devonshire strata
Wenlock Limestone
Welsh Greywackes
Parisian chalk
Jura Mt. strata
Perm strata
circa 1820
gravels
Crystalline (metamorphic) strata
British Isles Continental Europe
Geologic
Systems
20. Correlation - the matching-up of rock layers between
different places.
• We can put local rock layers in the correct time order
because we can see how they are stacked on each other.
• We can use the physical features of rock layers to
correlate them into a regional system.
• The Problem: How can we correlate different regional
systems so that they are in the correct time order if we
can’t directly match their layers?
21. Great Britain Continental Europe
?
?
How can we correlate different systems if the layers
cannot be correlated based on their physical features?
23. Smith made the first
large scale geologic
map showing the
distribution and
order of rock layers
in Great Britain.
24. In his work as a
surveyor, Smith
noticed that the rock
layers seemed to
contain a unique
sequence of fossil
species that appear
and disappear through
time.
Even when the rocks
look different, the
sequence of fossils is
always the same.
30. • Once a particular regional system was formally named
and its fossils described, other regional systems with the
same fossils were correlated to it and given the same
name.
• The original system names thus came to stand for
particular intervals of geologic time.
Geologic Systems and Geologic Time
31. • For example, the Jurassic System was originally named
for the rocks and fossils of the Jura Mountains between
France and Switzerland.
• Now the Jurassic Period refers to the time interval
during which the fossil species of the Jurassic System
lived.
• Any rock layers with these fossils can be identified as
Jurassic in age.
Geologic Systems and Geologic Time
32. Primary
Secondary
Transitional
Tertiary
Diluvial
post-Diluvial
Parisian gypsum beds
London clay
alluvium
Sicilian strata
English chalk
Oolites
Lias
New Red Sandstone Muschelkalk - Trias
Magnesian Limestone
Coal Measures
Mountain Limestone
Old Red Sandstone Devonshire strata
Wenlock Limestone
Welsh Greywackes
Parisian chalk
Jura Mt. strata
Perm strata
circa 1790 circa 1870
Modern Time Scale
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Precambrian
Quaternary
gravels
Crystalline (metamorphic) strata
British Isles Continental Europe
33. How do we assign sedimentary layers to their correct
place in time?
• fossils
• each time interval in Earth history is defined by a
unique set of species that existed at that time.
• Species evolve, live for a short time, and go extinct.
• The same species never evolves twice (extinction is
forever).
• Evolution provides a “biological calendar” that
geologists use to keep track of time.
• Fossils allow us to put the individual scenes from Earth
history into the correct order to tell the full story.
34. Modern Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Holocene
Quat.
Paleogene
Neogene
540
510
439
408
360
323
290
245
208
146
57
35
23
5
1.6
.01
0
Carb.
Quat. = Quaternary
Carb. = Carboniferous
Ma
65
RIP
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
3800 Ma
4600 Ma
2500 Ma
540 Ma
0 Ma
M
C
P