2. Solar panelSolar panel
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy
to generate electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged,
connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells.
Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of
a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar
electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module
is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions
(STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W).
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given
the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have
twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few
commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of
24%.
3.
4. Theory and construction
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-
based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must
also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The
cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another. Externally,
most of photovoltaic modules use mc4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system
5. Efficiencies
Depending on construction, photovoltaic modules can produce
electricity from a range of frequencies of light, but usually
cannot cover the entire solar range
(specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light).
Hence, much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar
modules, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated
with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept is
to split the light into six to eight different wavelength ranges
that will produce a different color of light, and direct the beams
onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been
projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%.
6. 1-Efficiencies of solar panel can be calculated by MPP (maximum
power point) value of solar panels
2-Solar inverters convert the DC power to AC power by
performing MPPT process: solar inverter samples the output Power
(I-V curve) from the solar cell and applies the proper resistance
(load) to solar cells to obtain maximum power.
3-MPP (Maximum power point) of the solar panel consists of MPP
voltage (V mpp) and MPP current (I mpp): it is a capacity of the
solar panel and the higher value can make higher MPP.
7. Solar lightSolar light
Indoor and outdoor solar lighting has gained popularity over recent
years. Use of solar lights can not only save the environment but it
can also save money on your electricity bills and spread awareness
about solar energy and solar lights.
Solar lights are in fact a very cost-effective way for both indoor and
outdoor lighting requirements.
With technological advancement, now we have more advanced
and sophisticated indoor and outdoor solar lighting options to
choose from.
Modern-day new solar lighting products use latest technologies to
produce bright, shining and attractive light with longer run-time
8. In order to install solar light
Re-Chargeable Battery: Using electronic circuit between solar cells, diode and the
battery, electricity is stored in the batteries and released in one direction when
needed. NiMH batteries are preferred and most common when it comes to solar
energy because they are better than standard NiCAD batteries
LED bulb: LED bulbs are used in most solar lights because consume less
electricity and produce more bright light.
Circuitry: High-quality circuitry to electrically connect the solar cells, diode, battery
and bulb is needed for brighter solar light.
Run Time: Run time is the duration for which the solar lighting system produces
energy for lighting. The better the quality of electronic components and circuitry, the
better will be the run time.
Housing: Solar lights need proper housing to be UV-stable and weather tight. In
most solar lights, the solar panels are an integral part of the light itself.
The solar panels can also be separate from the light in cases where the light has to
be mounted or installed away from the solar panels. In any case, thesolar panels
should be mounted at a place where is gets maximum exposure to the sun.
9. (LED)(LED) Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated.When a suitable current is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour
of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2
) and
integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern
11. Illumination
Since LCD panels produce no light of their own, they
require external light to produce a visible image. In a
transmissive type of LCD, this light is provided at the
back of the glass stack and is called the backlight.
While passive-matrix displays are usually not backlit
(e.g. calculators, wristwatches), active-matrix displays
almost always are Over the last years (1990 — 2017),
the LCD backlight technologies have strongly been
emerged by lighting companies such as Philips,
Lumileds (a Philips subsidiary) and more
14. difference betweendifference between LCDLCD andand LEDLED
The fluorescent lights in an LCD TV are always behind the screen. On
an LED TV, the light emitting diodes can be placed either behind the screen
or around its edges. The difference in lights and in lighting placement has
generally meant that LED TVs can be thinner than LCDs, although this is
starting to change
LED, which stands for “light emitting diodes,” differs from general LCD TVs
in that LCDs use fluorescent lights while LEDs use those light emitting
diodes. Also, the placement of the lights on an LED TV can differ. The
fluorescent lights in an LCD TV are always behind the screen. On an LED
TV, the light emitting diodes can be placed either behind the screen or
around its edges. The difference in lights and in lighting placement has
generally meant that LED TVs can be thinner than LCDs, although this is
starting to change. It has also meant that LED TVs run with greater energy
efficiency and can provide a clearer, better picture than the general LCD
TVs.
