Stephen Stratton Presentation - 'Street Level Monitoring, How It Varies

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Assessing variations in roadside air quality with sampling
height
21st October 2014

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Introduction
2
Study commissioned by the Scottish Government to investigate
roadside air quality versus height.
Progress so far.
Some results (still provisional).

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The Study
3
The study will investigate how Air Quality varies with height and
aims to:
Determine the relationship between height from pavement and Air
Quality.
Investigate the relationship between mobile and fixed sampling
methods.
Examine diurnal and seasonal variations in Air Quality.
The outputs will help inform Air Quality policy in Scotland.

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The Team
Ellis Marshall-Padkin
Stephen Stratton
Susannah Telfer Stephen Gray
David Hector
Sam Copsey Brian Stacey
Stuart Sneddon

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The Equipment
Species Sampling Method/Analyser
PM2.5 (Automatic)
Lighthouse IAQ 3016 PM2.5
analyser
PM2.5 (Gravimetric)
Harvard-PEMS + BGI pump
(Personal Exposure Monitor)
Black Carbon Magee MicroAeth AE51
Ultrafine Particles Philips Nanotracer
NO2, SO2, CO and O3 AQMesh
CO2 COZIR Optical Sensor
Benzene Pumped tube sampling
Meteorology
Lufft WS600
(WS+WD+T+H+P+RF)
Video and GPS Roadhawk
Data Acquisition Weblogger with 3G telemetry

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The Location Why Glasgow?
Glasgow is Scotland s largest city.
Glasgow City Centre combines a variety of urban environments
within walking distance.
Glasgow City Centre is busy, both in terms of road traffic and
people.
Ricardo-AEA Scotland office, Blythswood Square.

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So Far
Literature Review
Testing
Co-locations
Sampling Runs

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Findings - Literature Review
No study was found that incorporated mobile sampling with sampling at more than one height.
The review focussed on but was not restricted to the following types of study:
Ø Air quality versus height.
Ø Mobile monitoring.
Ø Personal exposure.
Research indicates that a pollutant gradient does exist at heights below 3 m above ground level, but
that the following factors will affect the vertical profile:
Ø Meteorology.
Ø Topography.
Ø Distance from emissions source.
Methodology outlined for the study was validated.
Sampling heights defined as 168 cm above ground level for the average height of an adult above the
age of 16 years in Scotland; and 80 cm for a child in a buggy.
Highlighted problems that we might encounter.

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Sampling Regime
Predetermined route.
8 mobile sampling exercise (2 weekend days).
6 co-location exercises, sampling at an automatic monitoring site.
Carried out between February and August 2014.

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Sampling Route
Map data ©2013 Google
Street name Description of street on route
Approximate
Length of street
within study route
(miles)
Hope Street
Busy urban canyon orientation south to
north (partially restricted to buses and
taxes)
0.42
Sauchiehall Street
Urban pedestrian precinct orientation west
to east
0.16
Buchanan Street
Urban pedestrian precinct orientation north
to south
0.22
St Vincent Street Busy urban canyon orientation west to east 0.10
George Square Busy urban street orientation west to east 0.14
George Street Busy urban canyon orientation west to east 0.14
Montrose street
Busy urban canyon orientation north to
south
0.11
Ingram Street Busy urban street orientation west to east 0.18
High street Busy urban street orientation north to south 0.21
Saltmarket Busy urban street orientation north to south 0.34
Clyde
Street/Broomielaw
Busy Urban street orientation east to west 0.44
Oswald Street Busy urban street orientation north to south 0.16
Ricardo-AEA Office

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185 miles covered and 9,840 ft climbed
over a total of 82 hours.
2 x 18,575 Calories used.
Vital Stats
11
Mobile Sampling Exercises
Fri 14/03/2014
Thur 10/04/2014
Wed 21/05/2014
Mon 23/06/2014
Tue 08/07/2014
Sun 13/07/2014
Sat 09/08/2014
Fri 15/08/2014
Colocation Exercises
Townhead AURN (including BC) 14/02/2014
Hope Street AURN 25/04/2014
Hope Street AURN 19/06/2014
Hope Street AURN 17/07/2014
Hope Street 13/08/2014
London Marylebone Road (UFP only) 21/08/2014
Townhead AURN (including BC) 27/08/2014

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PM2.5 (mg m-3)
Contains Ordinance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014.

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Black Carbon (ng m-3)
Contains Ordinance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014.

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Ultrafine Particles (N Particles cm-3)
Contains Ordinance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014.

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NO2 (mg m-3)
Contains Ordinance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014.

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Results Correlations (Normalised)
NH_UFP
NH_BC
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.00 0.05 0.10
NH_BC=1.5[NH_UFP]+0.07 R
2
=0.62
NH_UFP
NH_PM2.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.00 0.05 0.10
NH_BC
NH_PM2.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
NH_BC
NH_NO2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
NH_UFP
NH_NO2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
NH_PM2.5
NH_NO2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1 0.2 0.3

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Results PM vs Height
Pollutant LOW/HIGH Difference
PM0.5 ~0%
PM1 ~0%
PM2.5 ~0%
PM5 ~7%
PM10 ~12%
Black Carbon ~5%
UFP ~0%
NO2 ~0%
Latest analyses indicate that a concentration gradient does exist:

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Results Diurnal/Seasonal Variations
Wednesday, 21/05/2014
H_UFP,H_BC,H_PM2.5,H_NO2
20000
25000
30000
H_UFP
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
H_BC
5
6
7
8
9
10
H_PM2.5
40
50
60
70
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
H_NO2
H_UFP H_BC H_PM2.5 H_NO2
Thursday, 10/04/2014
H_UFP,H_BC,H_PM2.5,H_NO2
20000
25000
30000
H_UFP
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
H_BC
8
10
12
14
16
H_PM2.5
40
45
50
55
60
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
H_NO2
H_UFP H_BC H_PM2.5 H_NO2
Friday, 14/03/2014
H_UFP,H_BC,H_PM2.5,H_NO2
15000
20000
25000
H_UFP
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
H_BC
10
20
30
40
H_PM2.5
30
35
40
45
50
55
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
H_NO2
H_UFP H_BC H_PM2.5 H_NO2
Sunday, 13/07/2014
H_UFP,H_BC,H_PM2.5,H_NO2
15000
20000
25000
H_UFP
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
H_BC
4
6
8
H_PM2.5
20
30
40
09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
H_NO2
H_UFP H_BC H_PM2.5 H_NO2

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Results Diurnal/Seasonal Variations
Thursday, 10/04/2014
NO2 (ppb)
Frequency
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
050100150
Friday, 14/03/2014
NO2 (ppb)
Frequency
0 50 100
050100150200
Wednesday, 21/05/2014
NO2 (ppb)
Frequency
0 50 100 150 200
050100150200
Sunday, 13/07/2014
NO2 (ppb)
Frequency
0 50 100
020406080100

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Finally
This type study, combining mobile monitoring with monitoring at
more than one height, has not been carried out before.
Collected a lot of data!
Ongoing analyses indicate that a concentration gradient does
exist, but that it is pollutant dependent and changes with
microenvironment.
Typical diurnal variations in pollutant concentrations are seen.
Method has proved very useful for characterising the spatial
distribution of pollutants, identifying pollution hotspots .
Final results due to be published by the end of 2014

21. © Ricardo-AEA Ltd
www.ricardo-aea.com
T:
E:
W:
Stephen Stratton
+44 (0)1235 75 3072
stephen.stratton@ricardo-aea.com
www.ricardo-aea.com
Comments/ Questions?