SN Panigrahi is an experienced international trade expert with over 29 years of experience in areas such as project management, supply chain management, procurement, and logistics. He has conducted over 150 workshops and published more than 500 articles on these topics. Panigrahi holds several certifications in project management, lean six sigma, and GST and serves on the boards of several trade organizations. He regularly speaks at national and international conferences on sharing his expertise in business and trade.

1. 1SN Panigrahi

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SN Panigrahi is a Versatile Practitioner, Strategist, Energetic Coach, Learning Enabler & Public Speaker.
He is an International-Corporate Trainer, Mentor & Author
He has diverse experience and expertise in Project Management, Contract
Management, Supply Chain Management, Procurement, Strategic
Sourcing, Global Sourcing, Logistics, Exports & Imports, Indirect Taxes –
GST etc.
He had done more than 150 Workshops on above
Published more than 500 Articles
He is an Engineer + MBA +PGD ISO 9000 / TQM with around 29 Yrs of
Experience
He is a certified PMP® from PMI (USA) and become PMI India
Champion
Also a Certified Lean Six Sigma Green Belt from Exemplar Global
Trained in COD for 31/2 Yrs. on Strategy & Leadership
GST Certified – MSME – Tech. Dev. Centre (Govt of India Organization)
ZED Consultant – Certified by QCI – MSME (Govt of India Organization)
Member Board of Studies, IIMM
Co-Chairman, Indirect Tax Committee, FTAPCCI
Empanelled Faculty in NI MSME
He has shared his domain expertise in various forums as a speaker & presented a number of papers in various national and
international public forums and received a number of awards for his writings and contribution to business thoughts.
SN Panigrahi
9652571117
snpanigrahi1963@gmail.com
Hyderabad

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Export & Import Business is one of the oldest types of business in the world existing from time
immemorial . Since no country or region or tribe is self sustainable with all resources available
to meet all the needs and requirements of its inhabitants and no nation can survive totally on its
own without interaction and exchange of resources with other countries.
There are always certain deficiencies as well as surpluses those need to relate and engage in
exchange with one another, it can either be in terms of raw materials, semi-finished good or
finished goods or capital goods and services.
This important gap in requirements can be an opportunity to fulfill with abundant availability
elsewhere, there by forming Trade between them. Exports and Imports are closely interwoven
as a major economic activity for any country.
Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and
services not available in their own countries.
Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare
parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies, and water. Services are also traded: tourism,
banking, consulting and transportation.
SN Panigrahi

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International Trade is the exchange of Goods and Services between countries based on
their Comparative Advantage.
Comparative Advantage is an economic term that refers to an economy's ability to
produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than that of trade partners. A
comparative advantage gives a Country the ability to sell goods and services at a lower
price than its competitors.
Comparative advantage suggests that countries will engage in trade with one another,
exporting the goods that they have a relative advantage in productivity.
Because some countries are endowed with Natural Resources and different Assets
(land, labor, capital, and technology), some countries may produce the same good
more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country
cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another
country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.
This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and
demand, affect and are affected by global events.
SN Panigrahi

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Businesses export goods and services where they have a some Competitive Advantage. That
means they are better than any other companies at providing that product.
They also export things that reflect the country's comparative advantage. Countries have
comparative advantages in the commodities they have a natural ability to produce. For
example, Kenya, Jamaica, and Colombia have the right climate to grow coffee. That gives their
industries an edge in exporting coffee.
India's population is its comparative advantage. Its workers speak ​English and are familiar with
English laws. Those skills give them an edge as affordable call center workers. China has a
similar advantage in manufacturing due to its lower standard of living. Its workers can live on
lower wages than people in developed countries.
China’s comparative advantage with the United States is in the form of cheap labor. Chinese workers
produce simple consumer goods at a much lower opportunity cost. The United States’ comparative
advantage is in specialized, capital-intensive labor. American workers produce sophisticated goods or
investment opportunities at lower opportunity costs. Specializing and trading along these lines benefit
each.
SN Panigrahi

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Globalization and e-commerce in recent years further accelerated that contributed to a
recent influx in international trade. What used to only be attainable by large-scale
businesses is now accessible to small companies and those in the trading Business.
These days, a lot of small companies often seek to develop continuous and permanent
business ties with other overseas countries.
Products and services are now a days performed internationally at greatly reduced costs,
making international expansion and production outsourcing a suitable option for
businesses.
Import export businesses can be very profitable in the long run provided right approach is
adopted.
Export, especially is an important vehicle of growth for any country contributing to its
economic prosperity and GDP growth. Exports also many a times supplement and
support domestic market and expand it’s growth.
SN Panigrahi

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Trade involves the Transfer or Exchange of Capital, Goods or
Services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
But trade may also be executed with the exchange of Goods or Services between both parties, referred to as a
barter or payment with a virtual currency (Bitcoin)
– ie Trading is facilitated through three primary types of exchanges. Trades are executed with the payment of
sovereign currency, the exchange of goods and services, or payment with a virtual currency.
Trade may be within the same Country ie Domestic Trade also known as internal trade or home trade or
International Trade ie trade across the Boarders.
Monitory Terms (Currency)
Non-Monitory Terms (Barter)
Partly in Monitory Terms &
Partly in No-Monitory Terms
Payment with a virtual
currency (Bitcoin)
Trade
Exchange
of
Capital,
Goods or
Services
Means
Within
the Same
Country
Across
the
Boarders
For Consideration / Payment inDomestic
Trade
International
Trade
SN Panigrahi

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International Trade is the exchange of capital, goods,
and services across international borders or territories ie Exports
and Imports between countries.
The phrases International Trade, Global Trade and Foreign Trade
are interchangeably used in the common parlance of trade.
SN Panigrahi

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Export :
If it is produced domestically in one country and sold to someone in a
foreign country, it is an export. It doesn't matter what the good or service is.
It doesn't matter how it is sent. It can be shipped (through Sea Route / Air /
Rail / Road), sent by email, or carried in personal luggage on a plane.
Imports:
Exports are one component of International Trade. The other component
is Imports. They are the goods and services bought by a country's residents
that are produced in a foreign country.
Total Trade:
Total Trade Equals Exports Plus Imports.
Trade Surplus & Trade Deficit:
When the country exports more than it imports, it has a Trade Surplus.
When it imports more than it exports, it has a trade deficit.

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Exports
Goods and
Services produced
in one country and
sold to other
countries
Imports
Goods and
Services
consumed in a
country that are
purchased from
other countries.
Trade Deficit
Imports > Exports
Trade Surplus
Exports > Imports
The balance of trade
is the difference between the value of
a country's imports and exports for a
given period.
Exchange Rates –
The price of a nation’s currency
in terms of another nation’s
currency
Foreign Trade

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Globalization
The expansion of economic, political, and
cultural processes to the point that they
become global in scale and impact.
Index of Openness :
A measure of the extent to which an
economy depends on trade with other
countries or regions, e.g. the ratio of the
sum of total imports and exports to GDP.
Open Economy
a country with a high value
of the index of openness.
Closed Economy
a country with a relatively
low index of openness.

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In most countries, such International Trade represents a significant share
of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Trade can play in driving economic
growth, development and job creation around the world.
Carrying out trade at an international level is a more complex process than
domestic trade.
International Trade takes place between two or more nations. Factors like the
economy, government policies, markets, laws, judicial system, currency, etc.
influence the trade.

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Most countries want to increase their exports. Their companies want to sell more. If they've
sold all they can to their own country's population, then they want to sell overseas as well.
The more they export, the greater their competitive advantage. They gain expertise in
producing the goods and services. They also gain knowledge about how to sell to
foreign markets.
Governments encourage exports. Exports increase jobs, bring in higher wages, and
raise the standard of living for residents. As such, people become happier and more likely
to support their national leaders.
Exports also increase the foreign exchange reserves held in the nation's central bank.
Foreigners pay for exports either in their own currency or the U.S. dollar. A country with large
reserves can use it to manage their own currency's value. They have enough foreign
currency to flood the market with their own currency. That lowers the cost of their
exports in other countries.
Countries also use currency reserves to manage liquidity. That means they can better
control inflation, which is too much money chasing too few goods. To control inflation, they
use the foreign currency to purchase their own currency. That decreases the money supply,
making the local currency worth more.

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Exports
Goods and Services
Produced in one
Country and Sold to
other Countries.
Imports
Goods and services
consumed in a
country but which
have been purchased
from other countries.
Boost Economic Growth Create Job Opportunities
Global Exposure /
Business Opportunities
Expand Business /
Improve Profits
Brand Image / Improve
Competitiveness
Attain Global Standards
To Meet Resource
Requirement
Low / Better Prices
Cost Reduction
Better Quality / Improved
Performance
OEM Item /
Non-Available Locally
New / Variety Items
New Ideas / Concepts
Attain Global Standards
Research Shows “Global Exposure Improves Performance”

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The only way to boost exports is to make trade easier overall. Governments do this by reducing
tariffs and other blocks to imports.
 That reduces jobs in domestic industries that can't compete on a global scale.
 It also leads to job outsourcing.
 That's when companies relocate call centers, technology offices, and manufacturing.
 They choose countries with a lower cost of living.
 Countries with traditional economies could lose their local farming base. That's
because developed economies subsidize their agribusiness.
 Both the United States and the European Union do this. That undercuts the prices of
the local farmers.

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Better Price / Reduced
Costs
Trading allows a company to acquire products from another country at a
much lesser cost than producing it locally.
High-Quality Products
An import / export business allows to better understand the demands of
overseas customers and increase the standards of his product to meet
their demands.
Improve Profit Margins
Depending on the demand for your products, you may create a new
market and increase your profits exponentially.
Maximize Sales Potential
Exporting products expands the overall sales potential of your brand
and product.
Improve the Brand Image
Exporting allows you to scan for opportunities & gain a larger audience
in a market & promote your brand & Company Image
Provide some Solace at
Down Markets
Exports Provide some Comfort / Support to Sales when Markets are
Down Turn

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• The export-trader operates on a buy-and-sell basis
• He buys from manufacturers and adds a markup to the export price
Trading /
Merchant Exporter
• Have own Manufacturing Facilities
• Export-manufacturers either directly export the goods or indirectly export the goods
through the export-traders
Manufacturer
Exporter
• In the commission/fee basis, the Agent collects a commission or fee from the export-
manufacturer or the foreign importer, or from both of them without adding a markup to the
price.
Commission
Agent
• Act on behalf of the Supplier in Specified Regions or Countries and Promote the Goods /
Services of the Local Supplier
• May act on Specific Remuneration Basis or on Commission Basis
Manufacturers
Representative
• Service-exporters include the banks, ocean shipping (steamship) companies, air cargo
companies or airlines, trucking companies, rail carriers, insurance companies, freight
forwarders or consolidators, consulting firms, and miscellaneous service companies.
• Service-exporters provide services to export-traders and export-manufacturers.
Service Exporter

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVZ
ScNa_leR8XbYINEwTFwQ/videos
SN Panigrahi

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20. Session - 1
Overview of
International
Trade
How to Start
Export Business
Session – 2
How to Identify
Export Product &
Customers
Product X Market
Selection
Session – 7
Packing, Labeling
& Quality
Standards;
Risks in
International
Business
Session – 4
Export Costing –
Pricing
How to Negotiate
International
Contracts
Session – 3
Export Logistics:
Air, Sea, Road
Transportation
INCOTERMS; Port
& Shipping
Formalities
Session - 6
Export
Procedures &
Documentation
Customs
Clearances
Export - Import
Session – 5
Introduction to
Foreign Trade
Policy; Export
Incentives &
Export Promotion
Schemes
Session – 8
Export Payment
Methods
Payment Risks
Export Finance :
Pre & Post Export
Finance
SN Panigrahi
Two Days Workshop on
Export – Import Management

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SN Panigrahi

22. Contact Details:
SN Panigrahi
9652571117
snpanigrahi1963@gmail.com 22