Intro

1. Fundamentals of algorithm
SUNAWAR KHAN
MSCS
IIUI

2. Origin of Word algorithm
 The word Algorithm comes from the name of the muslim author Abu
Ja’far Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khowarizmi. He was born in the eighth
century at Khwarizm (Kheva), a town south of river Oxus in present
Uzbekistan.
 Uzbekistan, a Muslim country for over a thousand years, was taken over
by the Russians in 1873.

3. Origin of Word algorithm
 His year of birth is not known exactly. Al-Khwarizmi parents
migrated to a place south of Baghdad when he was a child.
 It has been established from his contributions that he
flourished under Khalifah Al-Mamun at Baghdad during 813
to 833 C.E. Al-Khwarizmi died around 840 C.E.

4. Origin of Word algorithm
 Much of al-Khwarizmi’s work was written in a book titled al
Kitab al-mukhatasar fi hisab al-jabr wa’l-muqabalah (The
Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and
Balancing).
 It is from the titles of these writings and his name that the
words algebra and algorithm are derived. As a result of his
work, al-Khwarizmi is regarded as the most outstanding
mathematician of his time

5. Algorithm: Informal Definition
 An algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure
that takes some values, or set of values, as input and
produces some value, or set of values, as output.
 An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that
transform the input into output.

6. Algorithms, Programming
 A good understanding of algorithms is essential for a good understanding of
the most basic element of computer science: programming
 Unlike a program, an algorithm is a mathematical entity, which is independent of
a specific programming language, machine, or compiler.
 Thus, in some sense, algorithm design is all about the mathematical theory
behind the design of good programs

7. Characteristics of algorithm
 It should be finite: If your algorithm never ends trying to
solve the problem it was designed to solve then it is useless.
 It should have well defined instructions: Each step of the
algorithm has to be precisely defined; the instructions should
be unambiguously specified for each case.

8. Characteristics of algorithm
 It should be effective: The algorithm should solve the
problem it was designed to solve. And it should be possible
to demonstrate that the algorithm converges with just a
paper and pencil.

9. Example from daily life
 Buy some food from super market
 Making tea

10. Representation of algorithms
There are to ways to represent an algorithm
 Flow Charts
 Pseudocode

11. Flowcharts
 A flowchart is a type of diagram that uses an algorithm,
workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various
kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.

12. This diagrammatic representation
 This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model
to a given problem