Nanotechnology in Dentistry: Applications and Future Potential

• Introduction
• Nanotechnology
– Definition
– History
– Scientific story
• Nanomaterials
– Definition
– Classification
– Sources
– Fate of nanomaterials
2

• Nano-medicine
• Nano-Dentistry
– Nanorobots
– Applications of Nanotechnology
– Approaches in Nanotechnology
 Nanorobotics
 Nanodiagnostics
 Nanomaterials
• Future of Nanotechnology in Dentistry
• Conclusion
• References
3

What is Nanotechnology???
• Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at nanometer level
• The term nanotechnology is derived from the Greek word Nanos , meaning dwarf
• Nano scale: Approximately 1 to 100 nm size range
Rawan N. Alkahtani. The implications and applications of nanotechnology in dentistry: A review. Saudi Dental Journal.2018.30,107-16
4

When it is developed???
• Humans have been using nanotechnology for a long time without realizing it
• Examples : Making steel, vulcanizing rubber and sharpening a dental instrument
• Richard Feynman - inspiration for the field of nanotechnology – December 1959
• Norio Taniguchi – First used the term Nanotechnology - 1974
Baheti MJ, Toshniwal NG. Nanotechnology: A Boon to Dentistry. J Dent Sci Oral Rehab 2014; 5(2):78-88.
5

When it became popular???
• Invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer in 1981
– Individual atoms - easily identified for the first time
– Limitations – Couldnot image non-conducting materials
• Invention of the atomic force microscope - non-conducting materials such as organic
molecules
• K. Eric Drexler independently used the term ‘nanotechnology’ in 1986
6

Why it is developed???
• Atoms are building blocks in biological tissue, measured in Nano scale
• Nano sized particles interacts at the molecular level
• Increases the overall affinity and efficacy
• More reactive compared with larger particles with same composition
• surface area/volume ratio of nanoparticles is greatly increased when compared with
bulk materials
7

8
In a bureaucratic
sense,
The nanoscale is
usually defined by
the nanometer,
which is one
meter finely
divided into 1
billion little pieces.

The terms Nano science and Nanotechnology are closely associated and are sometimes
confused
• Nanotechnology utilizes the knowledge in Nano science and is applied to diverse
areas
• Nano science involves only the study and observations of Nano scale materials
Parappurath N. Sudha, Kirubanandam Sangeetha, Kumar Vijayalakshmi, Ahmed Barhoum. Nanomaterials history, classification, unique properties, production
and market. Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved 9

• “Nanodentistry” can be defined as the science and technology of diagnosing,
treating, and preventing oral and dental disease, relieving pain, and of preserving
and improving dental health, using nanoscale-structured materials
H. Dosch et al., 2009
• Nanodentistry includes:
 Nanorobotics
 Nanodiagnostics
 Nanomaterials
10
NANODENTISTRY

• Theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers (1 nm equals
one millionth of 1 mm)
• They would work at the atomic, molecular and cellular levels to perform tasks in both
the medical and industrial fields
• Nanorobots are so tiny that they can easily traverse the human body
• Nanorobots in medicine are used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the
human body against pathogens
11

• The exterior of a nanorobot will likely be constructed of
carbon atoms in a diamondoid structure because of its inert
properties and strength
• Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen might be a
source for propulsion
12

• They are 0.5 to 3 microns in diameter and are constructed of
parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm
• The main element used is carbon in the form of
diamond/fullerene nanocomposite due to its increased strength
and chemical inertness
• The external passive diamond coating provides a smooth,
flawless coating and evokes less reaction from the body’s
immune system
13

• The powering of nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose, oxygen and
externally supplied acoustic energy
• They can be controlled by on-board computers capable of performing around 1000
or more computations per second
14

• Communication with the device can be achieved by broadcast type acoustic
signalling
• A navigational network installed in the body provides high positional accuracy to all
passing nanorobots and keep track of the various devices in the body
• Nanorobots are able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their
surface antigens
15

Navigation of Nanorobots inside the body
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Injecting - Radioactive Dye (Fluoroscope)
– Barium sulfate, a white-chalky substance
– Water-soluble agents
– Omnipaque (iohexol)
– Hypaque (diatrizoic acid)
• TV Footage – Miniature Camera is attached to Nanorobots
16
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Fluoroscope
R. Thiruchelvi, Eesani Sikdar, Aryaman Das, K. Rajakumari. Nanobots in Today’s World – A Review article. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(4):2033-2039.

S.NO Discipline Classification Material Brand Nanoparticles
1 Conservative Restorations Nano- Resin
Modified GIC
KetacTM Nano
3M ESPE
Zirconia/silica nanofillers
& nanoclusters
Nano-
Composite Resins
Herculite XR Ultra
Kerr
Tetric Evo ceram,
Ivoclar Vivadent
Nanosilica
SO2 spherical nanofillers
Filtek Supreme
(3M)
Non-aggregated 20 nm
silica filler,
– Non- aggregated 4 to 11
nm zirconia filler.
– Aggregated zirconia/
silica cluster filler (20 nm
silica and 4 to 11 nm
zirconia).
20

1 Conservative Restorations Nano-
Composite
Resins
Ceram.x MonoTM
and Ceram.x
DuoTM.
DENTSPLY
Organically modified
Nano sized ceramic
fillers comprising
polysiloxane backbone
(10 nm)
Nano-GIC GCP Glass Fill TM,
GCP Dental
Carbomised fluorapatite/
hydroxyapatite Nano
particles
Cavity
Disinfectant
Mineral
Solution
Nano Care gold Spherical silver
nanoparticles (48 nm)
21

2 Endodontics Sealer Silicon
based
GuttaFlowTM
Colte´ne-
Whaledent
Nano-silver
3 Periodontics Grafts Bone grafts NanoBoneArtoss
GmbH
Nanocrystalline
hydroxyapatite
Ostims, Heraeus
Kulzer, Hanau,
Germany
Nanocrystalline
hydroxyapatite
22

4 Implantology Nano-implant
coating
Ostims,
Heraeus
Kulzer, Hanau,
Germany
Nano-
hydroxyapatite
(around 50% of
total
surface area)
5 Prosthodontics Denture
teeth
Nanohybrid
Composite
NHC SR
Phonares;
Ivoclar
Vivadent
Veracia (Shofu,
Kyoto, Japan
Silicon oxide
Spherical pre-
polymerised
silica
23

Approaches to Nano dentistry
24
Verma S, Chevvuri R, Sharma H. Nanotechnology in dentistry: Unleashing the hidden gems. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018;22:196-200.

Bottom-up approaches
• Aggregation of smaller Nano-sized particles to form complex assemblies with
improved functional properties
• As the size of system decreases
– Increase in the ratio of surface area to volume
– Number of physical phenomena becomes noticeably pronounced which include
statistical as well as quantum mechanical effects
– For example, synthetic DNA fabrication and replication by pairing nucleic acids
of nanosize dimensions
25

Bottom-up approaches
NANODENTISTRY AS BOTTOM UP APPROACH
• Nanorobotic Anaesthesia
The applications of nanotechnology in preventive dentistry includes
• Hypersensitivity Cure
• Tooth Repair & Replacement
• Nano robotic Dentifrice (Dentifrobots)
• Orthodontic Nanorobots
• Tooth Renaturalization & Cosmetic Dentistry
26
Malathi Suresh et al., NANOTECHNOLOGY – AN ASSET TO DENTISTRY !!!. Int J Comm Dent 2014; 5(1): 27-31

Top-down approaches
• Creating smaller Nano-sized particles from complex structures with improved
functional properties
• As size of the particles in a system decreases,
– There is an increase in surface area
– Resulting in pronounced increase in physical phenomena or properties due
statistical as well as quantum mechanical effects
27

Top-down approaches
NANODENTISTRY AS TOP DOWN APPROACH
• Nano Aluminium Oxide
• Salivary Diagnostics Powered By Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology in dental surgical procedures
– Nanoneedles
– Bone Replacement Materials
• Nanotechnology in dental material science
– Nanotechnology For Dental Composites
28

Top-down approaches
NANODENTISTRY AS TOP DOWN APPROACH
• Nanoceramic technology based composites
• Nanotechnology For Glass Ionomer Restorative
• Nanotechnology For Impression Materials
29

30
Micron-sized active analgesic dental robots
Suspended in a colloidal solution on the patient’s gingiva
Guided by a
combination of
chemical gradients,
temperature
differentials and even
positional navigation
Reach the pulp via the gingival sulcus, lamina propria and
dentinal tubules.
Travel to a length of about 10 mm at a speed of 100 μm/s
from the tooth surface to the pulp in approximately 100
seconds
Local Anesthesia
Controlled by
on-board
Nano-
computer as
directed by the
dentist.
Shuts down all sensitivity in any tooth that requires
treatment.

Local Anesthesia
• After the oral procedures are completed, Dentist orders the
nanorobots (via the same acoustic data links)
– To restore all sensation
– To relinquish control of nerve traffic
– To egress from the tooth via similar pathways used for ingress
31

Local anesthesia
Nanorobotic analgesics offer
• Greater patient comfort
• Reduced anxiety without the use of needles
• Greater selectivity and controllability of the analgesic effect
• Fast and completely reversible action
• Avoidance of most side effects and complications
32

Dental Hypersensitivity
• Natural hypersensitive teeth have eight times higher surface density of dentinal
tubules and diameter with twice as large as non-sensitive teeth
• Reconstructive dental nanorobots, using native biological materials, could
selectively and precisely occlude specific tubules within minutes, offering patients a
quick and permanent cure
• Because of different tubular branching patterns, tubular density may present
significant challenge to navigation
33

34
Micron-sized active analgesic dental robots
Suspended in a colloidal solution on the patient’s gingiva
Guided by a
combination of
chemical gradients,
temperature
differentials and even
positional navigation
Reach the pulp via the gingival sulcus, lamina propria and
dentinal tubules.
Travel to a length of about 10 mm at a speed of 100 μm/s
from the tooth surface to the pulp in approximately 100
seconds
Controlled by
onboard
nanocomputer
as directed by
the dentist.
Shuts down all sensitivity in any tooth that requires
treatment.

• The presence of natural cells that are constantly in motion around and inside the teeth,
• Human gingival, pulpal fibroblasts
• Cementoblasts
• Odontoblasts
• Bacteria inside dentinal tubules
• Lymphocytes within the pulp or lamina propria
Suggests that such journey be feasible by cell-sized nanorobots of similar mobility
35

Dental Biomimetics
• The nanorestoration of tooth structure is that of nanotechnology mimicking
processes that occur in nature (biomimetic), such as the formation of dental enamel.
• Advantages:
– An affordable desktop manufacturing facility
– Fabrication of a new tooth in the dentist’s office within the time
– Economic constraints of a typical dental office visit
– Complete dentition replacement therapy 36

Dental Biomimetics
Chen et al
– Utilizing nanotechnology simulated the natural biomineralization process to
create the dental enamel
– Highly organized micro-architectural units of Nano-rod-like calcium
hydroxyapatite crystals arranged roughly parallel to each other
37

Orthodontic Treatment
• Sliding a tooth along an arch-wire involves a frictional type of
force that resists this movement
• Use of excessive orthodontic force might cause loss of
anchorage and root resorption
38

Orthodontic Treatment
In a study published by Katz,
– Inorganic Fullerene-like Tungsten Disulfide nanoparticles
(IFWS2)
– Can be coated on Orthodontic wires
– Reduces friction
– Excellent dry lubrication properties
39
Inorganic Fullerene-like Tungsten
Disulfide nanoparticles

• Orthodontic nanorobots could directly
– Manipulate the periodontal tissues, including gingivae, periodontal
ligament, cementum and alveolar bone
– Allowing rapid and painless tooth straightening, rotating and vertical
repositioning within minutes to hours
• This is in contrast to current molar-uprighting techniques, which require weeks
or months to complete
40

Nanorobotic Dentifrice (Dentifrobots)
• A mouthwash full of smart nanorobots
 Identifies and destroy pathogenic bacteria
 Allows the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem
 Identifies particles of food, plaque or tartar and lift them from the teeth
 Provide a continuous barrier to halitosis -bacterial putrefication is the central
metabolic process involved in oral malodor
41
With this kind of daily dental care available from an early age,
conventional tooth decay and gingival disease will disappear

42
Nanorobotic dentifrice (dentifrobots)
Reach surfaces beyond reach of toothbrush bristles or the fibers of
floss.
Patrol all supragingival and subgingival surfaces at least once a day
Metabolizing trapped organic matter into harmless and odorless vapors
and performing continuous calculus debridement
Suspended in
liquid and able
to swim
Gets safely
deactivate
themselves if
swallowed

Renaturalization Procedures
• Used in patients who desire to have their old dental amalgams excavated and their
teeth remanufactured with native biological materials
• Full coronal renaturalization procedures - all fillings and crowns are removed
• The affected teeth are remanufactured - indistinguishable from the original teeth
43

Nanovectors
• A calcium phosphate nanoparticle was found to potentially serve as a good vehicle
(Nano-vectors)
• They deliver target genes to fibroblasts for periodontal regenerative purposes
44

Surgical Nanorobotics
• Programmed or guided by a dentist
• Acts as a semiautonomous onsite surgeon inside the human body.
• Performs various functions
• searching for pathology
• diagnosing and correcting lesions by nano-manipulation,
• Coordinated by an on-board computer
• While maintaining contact with the supervising surgeon via the coded ultrasound signals
45

46
Cancer cell secretes its molecular products
(DNA sequences or proteins)
Destructing the normal cells and tissues
Nanoscale cantilevers
Flexible beams resembling a row of
diving boards
Built using semiconductor
lithographic techniques
Provide rapid and sensitive detection or signalling
of cancer-related molecules.
Antibodies coated on the cantilever fingers
selectively bind to altered DNA sequences or
proteins
Changing the physical properties of the
cantilever

47
Nanoscale cantilevers

48
Nano-pores
A small hole, of the order of 1 nm in internal diameter
DNA or RNA molecules passes through a Nano-pore
The shape and electrical properties of each base, or
letter, on the strand can be seen
Effective in oral cancer
detection and treatment

49
Nano-pores

50
Alessandro Sanginario, Beatrice Miccoli and Danilo Demarchi. Carbon Nanotubes as an Effective Opportunity for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.
Review. Biosensors 2017, 7:9; doi:10.3390/bios7010009 .
Carbon nanotube can be seen as a single and rolled up
graphene sheet.
Hollow interior, hydrophobic
(anticancer) drugs can be loaded inside
Targeted drug delivery is guaranteed by the outer
surface functionalization tailored for specific cancer
receptors
Excellent adjuvant contrast agents
(CA) for many different imaging
techniques
Enhance drug cytotoxicity
Perform thermal ablation
Detect reactive oxygen species (ROS)
or specific antigens - tumor markers
Ultrasonography
Photo acoustic Imaging
Near-Infrared Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Visualized by
Uses
Detect the presence of altered genes, pinpoint the
exact location of those changes
Half the diameter of a
molecule of DNA
Nanotubes
S. Lijima (1991)

Quantum Dots
• Tiny crystals
• Glows when stimulated by ultraviolet light
• When injected into the body - drift around until
encountering cancerous tissue
• Deadly cells latches onto a special coating on the
glowing dots
51

Quantum Dots
• The light particles serves as a beacon to
show where the disease has spread
• Quantum dots can be used as photo-
sensitizers which can mediate targeted
cellular destruction
52

Nanocomposites
• Non-agglomerated discrete nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in
resins or coatings to produce Nano-composites
• The Nano-filler –
• Aluminosilicate powder
• Mean particle size - 80 mm
• 1:4 ratio of alumina to silica
• Refractive index of 1.508
53

Nanocomposites
Advantages
• Superior hardness
• Flexible strength
• Translucency
• Esthetic appeal
• Excellent color density
• High polish and polish retention
• Excellent handling properties
54

Nanofilled Resin-modified Glass Ionomer
• Restoration of primary teeth and small cavities in permanent teeth.
• It is based on a prior RMGI
– Simplified dispensing and mixing system (paste/paste)
– Requires the use of a priming step
– No separate conditioning step
55

Nanofilled Resin-modified Glass Ionomer
• Primary curing mechanism is by light activation, and no redox or
self-curing occurs during setting
• The major innovation - the incorporation of nanotechnology, which
allows a highly packed filler composition (69%), of which
approximately two-thirds are nanofillers
56

Nanosolution
• Unique and dispersible nanoparticles
• Added to various solvents, paints and polymers
• Dispersed homogenously
• Can be used as sterilizing solutions in the form of
Nano-sized emulsified oil droplets that bombard
pathogens
57
Adper O single bond plus adhesive single
bond

Impression Material
• Nanofillers are integrated in vinylpolysiloxanes, producing a unique addition of
siloxane impression material
• Advantages
• Better flow
• Improved hydrophilic properties
• Enhanced detail precision
58
Nanotech elite H-D plus

Nano-encapsulation
• South West Research Institute (SWRI) has developed targeted release systems
• That encompass Nano-capsules including novel vaccines, antibiotics and drug
delivery with reduced side effects
• At present, targeted delivery of genes and drugs to human liver has been developed
by Osaka University in Japan 2003
59

Nano encapsulation
• Engineered Hepatitis B virus enveloped L particles
– Allowed to form hollow nanoparticles
– Displays a peptide that is indispensable for liver-specific entry by the virus in
humans
• Future specialized nanoparticles could be engineered to target oral tissues, including
cells derived from the periodontium
60

Materials to induce Bone Growth
• Bone is a natural nanostructured composite
composed of organic compounds (mainly
collagen) reinforced with inorganic ions (HA)
• Nano-bone uses the principle of smaller the
particle size, larger the surface area in volume
61

• Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles used to treat bone defects are as follows:
 Ostium (Osartis GmbH, Germany) HA
 VITOSSO (Orthovita, Inc, USA) HA + TCP
 NanOSSTM (Angstrom Medica, USA) HA
62

• Nano-bioactive glass
• Concentration - less than 4 mg/ml
• Biocompatible with gingival fibroblasts
• Calcium sulfate
• Fill small voids such as those found in post-extraction sockets and
periodontal bone defects
• An adjunct to the longer lasting bone grafting materials
63

• Dr Ricci has formulated a new calcium sulfate-based Nano composite
• BoneGen-TR resorbs more slowly and regenerates bone more consistently
64

Nanoneedles
• Nanoneedles are Nano-sized stainless steel needles
• Can be used to deliver molecules
• nucleic acids, proteins, or other chemicals to the nucleus
• carry out cell surgery
• Nano needle approach - a very specific location within the nucleus
• Trade name:
Sandvik Bioline, RK 91TM needles (AB Sandvik, Sweden)
65

• Nanotweezers
• The Danish research group (Nanohand) - developed
Nanotweezers
• Used for both imaging and manipulation of Nano-sized
objects to make cell surgery
• Nanotweezer probes consist of two wires tapered
consecutively through a Nano pipette and kept electrically
isolated
66
Nanotweezer capable of trapping and
extracting single entities such as DNA,
RNA and mitochondria

Self-assembly
• It is an autonomous organization of components into
patterns or structures without human intervention
• Polyelectrolyte materials bearing a number of charged
groups are most commonly used in self-assembly
• Examples : Polyallylamine/ polystyrene sulfonate and
diazoresin/polystyrene sulfonate
67

Self-assembly
– pH-induced self-assembly of a peptide-amphiphile is used to artificially
construct a nanostructured fibrous scaffold with the structural features of
extracellular matrix
– The newly produced fibers are able to direct mineralization of
hydroxyapatite to form a composite material
– The crystallographic axes of hydroxyapatite are aligned with the long axes
of the fibers which mimic the periodontium
68

Nanomaterials for Periodontal Drug Delivery
• Nanomaterials widely explored for controlled drug release are hollow spheres,
core-shell structure, nanotubes and Nano composite
• Drugs can be incorporated into Nano spheres composed of a biodegradable
polymer, and this allows for timed release of the drug as the nanospheres
degrade facilitating site-specific drug delivery
69

Nanomaterials for Periodontal Drug Delivery
• Triclosan-loaded nanoparticles prepared using poly (d, l-lactide-coglycolide),
poly (d,l-lactide) and cellulose acetate phthalate was found to be effective in
achieving reduction of inflammation
• Tetracycline incorporated into microspheres is available as Arestin for drug
delivery by local means into periodontal pocket
• A nanostructured 8.5% doxycycline gel was observed to afford periodontal
surface preservation following experimental periodontal disease in rats
70

Photodynamic Therapy
• Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new treatment method
• Removes infectious pathogens
• Uses a photosensitizer and light of a specific wavelength
• Example: Toluidine blue with a wavelength of about 600 nm
71

Photodynamic Therapy
• Indocyanine green (ICG) loaded nanospheres
• A new photosensitizer
• 805nm wavelength low-level diode laser irradiation
• Shows an aPDT-like effect
• Useful for a potential photodynamic periodontal therapy
72

Implants
• Nanotechnologies - surface modifications of dental implant surfaces
• Properties, such as chemistry and roughness play a determinant role in achieving
and maintaining their long-term stability in bone tissue
• Direct bone-to-implant contact is desired for a biomechanical anchoring of implants
to bone rather than fibrous tissue encapsulation
73

Implants
• Recently, three nanostructured implant coatings are developed as follows:
– Nanostructured diamond
– Nanostructured processing applied to hydroxyapatite coatings
– Nanostructured metalloceramic coatings
74

Bionic Mandible
• Reconstructs the entire mandible similar to normal mandible in function and
sensation
• It is not far from achieving, just like the first bionic arm constructed on Sullivan by
Todd Kuiken and his team using nanotech-enabled robotic myoelectric prosthetic
limb
75

• Despite the numerous health and healthcare advances several side effects have also
been noted
• Cytotoxicity
• Translocation to undesired cells
• Acute and chronic toxicity
• Unpredictable and indeterminate safety concerns
• The environmental impact of nanomaterials
• Non-biocompatibility
76

What will be the role of a dentist?
The question arising in the mind is that if everything is done by computers, then what
will be the role of a dentist?
• The role of a dentist will evolve with time and it would be more exacting
• Cases of simple neglect will become fewer
• Patients of rare disease and esthetic concern will become more
• Treatment option will be more exacting
• Diagnosis can be done with patient preference and his genetic make-up in mind
77

• Nanotechnology will change
• Dentistry
• Healthcare
• Human life
more profoundly than many developments of the past
• Nanodentistry will lead to efficient and highly effective personalized dental
treatments
78
FUTURE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY

• A new generation of cell based therapies –
– Regenerating tissues
– Anti-inflammatory drugs
– Pain medications will be tailored to maximize efficacy and safety
• Nanotechnology carries a significant potential for misuse and abuse on a scale and
scope never seen before
79

• Nano devices cannot be seen, yet carry powerful capabilities
• They have the potential to bring significant benefits
– Improved health
– Better use of natural resources
– Reduced environmental pollution
• Future might truly bring the days of miracle and wonder
80

CONCLUSION
• New technologies have made their way into all aspects of dental practice such as
diagnostics, risk assessment, prevention and many other procedures
• Nanodentistry has the potential to preserve complete oral health with the use of
nanomaterial's, biotechnology (including tissue engineering and gene therapy), and
dental Nanorobotics
81

Size does not define
greatness, often surprises
come in Small packages
82

REFERENCES
• Rawan N. Alkahtani. The implications and applications of nanotechnology in dentistry: A review.
Saudi Dental Journal.2018.30,107-16
• Baheti MJ, Toshniwal NG. Nanotechnology: A Boon to Dentistry. J Dent Sci Oral Rehab 2014;
5(2):78-88.
• Parappurath N. Sudha, Kirubanandam Sangeetha, Kumar Vijayalakshmi, Ahmed Barhoum.
Nanomaterials history, classification, unique properties, production and market. Emerging
Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved
• Alessandro Sanginario , Beatrice Miccoli and Danilo Demarchi. Carbon Nanotubes as an Effective
Opportunity for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Review. Biosensors 2017, 7, 9;
doi:10.3390/bios7010009 83

REFERENCES
• Jaison Jeevanandam, Ahmed Barhoum, Yen S. Chan, Alain Dufresne and Michael K. Danquah.
Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations.
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074
• Ashutosh Kumar Shukla. Nanoparticles in MedicineNanoparticles in Medicine. Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
• Verma S, Chevvuri R, Sharma H. Nanotechnology in dentistry: Unleashing the hidden gems. J Indian
Soc Periodontol 2018;22:196-200.
• R. Thiruchelvi, Eesani Sikdar, Aryaman Das, K. Rajakumari. Nanobots in Today’s World – A Review
article. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(4):2033-2039.
• Satyanarayana T, Rai R. Nanotechnology: The future. J Interdiscip Dentistry 2011;1:93-100
84

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