2. CONTENTS
SOIL STABILIZATION
CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION
MODERN TECHNIQUES OF SOIL STABILIZATION
NANOTECHNOLOGY
MATERIAL
RESULT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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3. SOIL STABILIZATION
Stabilization incorporates the various methods
employed for modifying the properties of a soil to
improve its engineering performance.
The most common application being in the
construction of road and airfield pavements.
Where the main objective is to increase the strength
or stability of soil.
It reduce the construction cost by making best use of
locally available materials.
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5. MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
• Mechanical Stabilization is the process of improving
the properties of the soil by changing its gradation.
• This process includes soil compaction and
densification by application of mechanical energy
• Using various sorts of rollers, rammers, vibration
techniques and sometime blasting.
• Mechanical stabilization is accomplished by mixing
or blending soils of two or more gradations to
obtain the required specification.
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6. LIME STABILIZATION
• Lime provides an economical way of soil
stabilization.
• The lime is added to the soil to improve its
properties is known as lime stabilization.
• Types of lime used are hydrated high calcium
lime, monohydrated dolomite lime, calcite
quick lime, dolomite lime.
• The quantity of lime is used in most soil
stabilizer is in the range of 5% to 10%.
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7. CEMENT STABILIZATION
• The soil particles bonding caused by hydration of
the cement particles.
• which grow into crystals that can interlock with one
another giving a high compressive strength.
• The amount of cement used is small but sufficient
to improve the engineering properties of the soil.
• Cement stabilized soils have the following
properties:
(a) Decreased cohesiveness (Plasticity)
(b) Decreased volume expansion or compressibility
(c) Increased strength.
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8. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
• Chemical stabilization of soil comprises of changing
the physico-synthetic around and within clay
particles
• where by the earth obliges less water to fulfil the
static imbalance.
• Calcium chloride being hygroscopic and
deliquescent is used as a water retentive additive in
mechanically stabilized soil bases and surfacing.
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9. BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION
• It is an process by which a controlled amount
of bituminous material is thoroughly mixed
with an existing soil or aggregate material to
form a stable base or wearing surface.
• Bitumen increases the cohesion and load-
bearing capacity of the soil and renders it
resistant to the action of water.
• It accomplished by using asphalt cement,
asphalt cutback or asphalt emulsions.s
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10. THERMAL STABILIZATION
• Thermal change causes a marked improvement in
the properties of the soil.
• Thermal stabilization is done either by heating the
soil or by cooling it.
Heating: As the soil is heated, its water content
decreases.
Freezing: If the temperature is reduced to the
freezing point, the pore water freezes and the soil is
stabilized.
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11. ELECTRICAL STABILIZATION
• Electrical stabilization of clayey soils is done by a
process known as electro-osmosis.
• As a direct current (DC) is passed through a clayey
soil, pore water migrates to the negative electrode
(cathode).
• The strength of the soil is considerably increased
due to removal of water.
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12. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL
STABILIZATION
Stabilization using Geo-synthetics, Geo-polymers
etc.
Stabilization using Nano Materials.
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13. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Science that revolves around the creation of a varied
collection of nano materials &nano particle along with
nano objects.
Nano material additives are used in soil improvement.
They improve the Maximum Dry Density, Atterberg’s
Limits, Compaction Characteristics and Unconfined
Compressive Strength of the soft soil.
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14. NANOMETER
A nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement.
That is 10⁻⁹ meter , or one billionth of a meter.
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15. NANO MATERIALS
A. Nano Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
B. Nano Copper Oxide (CuO)
C. Nano Clay
D. Nano Al₂O₃
E. Nano Fly ash
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17. TESTS CONDUCTED
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
Standard proctor test
Unconfined compressive strength
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18. A. STABILIZATION USING NANO MAGNESIUM
OXIDE
• The soil was then mixed with nano magnesium
oxide ranging between 0 to 1.0 % by dry weight of
soil.
• Consistency limits and unconfined compression
tests were conducted to study the change in basic
soil behaviour.
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19. • The results indicated that the plasticity index
exhibits significant reduction compared with
untreated soil.
• The reduction is in proportion with curing
time and Nano magnesium oxide surface
area (i.e. by using N-MgO) as well as the
doses of N-MgO.
• The unconfined compressive strength of
treated soil increased significantly over time
with increasing percentage of N-MgO.
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20. • The mechanical behaviour of treated soil
changed from ductile to brittle associated
with remarkable increase in Young's
modulus.
• The results also revealed that the stiffness
developed from soft and medium stiff in the
case of original soil to a very stiff soil
particularly for soil – N-MgO mixtures.
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22. Figure.1 shows the effect of nanomaterial
contents on the Atterberg limits.
The liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index
and linear shrinkage decreased as the
nanomaterial content increased.
Reductions in the plasticity indices are
indicators of soil improvement.
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25. 12/15/2018 25
The nanomaterials added to the soil, increased
both the maximum dry density and the optimum
water content.
An increase in the maximum dry density
indicates soil improvement in terms of soil
strength.
The factors that affect compaction included the
particle size and specific gravity of the soil and the
stabilizer.
27. Increasing the amounts of nanomaterials
induced an increase in the unconfined
compressive strength.
When nano clay is added the soil hardened
and improved strength compared with other
nanomaterial additives.
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29. B.STABILIZATION USING NANO CuO
The nano-copper powder which was used in the
experimental investigation for stabilizing the black
cotton soil.
The various geotechnical properties like liquid limit
and plastic limit, compaction characteristics,
unconfined compressive strength were determined.
The properties are Atterberg’s limit, compaction
characteristics and UCC.
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30. Fig.5 Variation of Atterberg’s Limit on
addition of Nano CuO
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KMCTCEW
30
31. The liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and
linear shrinkage decreased as the nanomaterial
content increased.
Reductions in the plasticity index are indicators of
soil improvement.
Addition of fine particles, such as nanomaterials to
soil, even at low doses, can enhance its properties.
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34. MDD increased with increase the dosages of
nanomaterials.
The increase in the maximum dry density is possibly
due to the particle densities of nanomaterials which
are greater than the particle density of natural soil.
The nanomaterials particles reduced the porosity by
filling the space between soil particles and bonded
the particles together.
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36. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO CuO
MATERIAL L.L (%) P.L
(%)
P.I
(%)
OMC
(%)
MDD
(KN/mᶾ)
UCC
(Kpa)
I F I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
COPPER
OXIDE
46 49 27 29 C C 21.5 26.2 14.4 14.7 40 270
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37. C. STABILIZATION USING NANOCLAY
The bentonite found in India is different from rest
of world due to chemical composition and higher
iron content which gives dark colour.
Due to very fine particle size, this shows extra-
ordinary swelling and bonding power.
This different make the bentonite useful in water
well and oil well drilling the special higher mud
yield.
Hence the bentonite clay is used as a soil stabilizing
admixture.
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40. The optimum water contents increased with
increase the nano clay contents.
In contrast, the optimum water content of soil
decreased along the contents of nanoclay.
The decrease in moisture content is related to the
tendency of nanoclay to absorb water from moist
soil.
Decrease in water content results in a decrease in
the volume of voids in soil matrix.
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42. The maximum dry density of soil is increased with
increase the dosages of nanoclay.
The nanomaterials particles reduced the porosity by
filling the space between soil particles and bonded
the particles together.
For soil sample the nanomaterials added to the soil
increased both the maximum dry density and omc.
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44. Increasing the amounts of nanoclay induced an
increase in the unconfined compressive strength.
The results indicate that the maximum shear
strength was obtained from soil treated with nano
clay.
Soil to which nano clay added showed hardening
and improved strength compared with soil
specimens that contained other nanomaterial
additives.
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45. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO CLAY
MATERI
AL
LL PL PI OMC MDD UCC
I F I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
CLAY
46 49 27 32 19 17 21.5 25.5 14.4 14.5 40 130
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46. D. STABILIZATION USING NANO Al₂O₃
The experiment carried out to determine the
characteristics of soil on addition of varying
percentage of Nano Al₂O3 (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%
and 2.0%).
Atterberg’s limits tests were done for varying
percentage of nano Al₂O₃
The swelling potential is determined from the
values of test results of plasticity index.
Compaction test were done for varying percentage
of nano materials.
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52. • The liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index
decreases with the increase in the percentage of
addition of and Nano Al₂O₃ in the soil.
• The swelling potential also decreases with the
increase in the percentage of addition of Nano
Al2O3 in the soil.
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53. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO Al₂O₃
MATERIAL L.L
(%)
P.L
(%)
P.I
(%)
OMC
(%)
MDD
(KN/mᶾ)
I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
Al₂O₃
70 20 31.9 16.8 38.06 9.14 14.2 14.28 1.604 1.74
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54. D. STABILIZATION USING NANO FLY ASH
The Fly ash is seen to be very rich in Silica (SiO2) of
about 62.7% and low Calcium oxide content (CaO)
of 0.905%.
The Fly ash was classified as Class ‘F’ Fly ash.
Oven dried fly ash was mixed to the soil in
increasing proportions by 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%
and 50% by dry weight of the soil.
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55. Further each sample was treated with nano
solution (nano material diluted in water) in four
different dilution ratios of (1:100), (1:225), (1:400)
and (1:600) by volume.
The laboratory tests included grain size sieve
analysis, modified proctor compaction tests,
modified California bearing ratio tests, liquid limit
(LL), plastic limit (PL) and falling head permeability
tests
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57. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO FLY ASH
The unsoaked as well as soaked CBR values increase
with the increase in fly ash content.
Soaked CBR values with the dilution ratios were
improved from 24.1% to 66.52% thereby improving
the value by 2.76 times.
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58. The liquid limit and plastic limit values drop down
to 1.69 times and 1.65 times respectively on
treating the soil with 30% fly ash.
On treating the soil further with nano solution in
four different dilutions of (1:100), (1:225), (1:400)
and (1:600) the LL, PL and PI values were observed
to be reduced consistently.
The value for sample reduces by 1.67 times when
treated with (1:100) dilution ratio.
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59. RESULTS
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• The nanomaterial content increased in the soil, the
values of liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity
index are decrease.
• The decrease in the plasticity index led to a
decrease in the swelling potential of the soil.
• The nanomaterials fill the tiny pores of the mineral
and allow less water to penetrate hence reduce the
swelling of the soil.
60. • The unconfined compressive strength increase with
the increase in the compaction effort and addition
of stabilizers.
• By the addition of stabilizers alters the properties
of the sample.
• The strength increases with increase in the
percentage of stabilizers
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61. • The addition of stabilizers alters the properties of the
sample. It was found that the strength increases with
increase in the percentage of stabilizers.
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62. CONCLUSION
Nano materials improve the properties os soil by
decreasing their Atterberg’s limits, increasing MDD
and UCC.
Addition of even small quantity of these materials
can stabilize a large quantity of soil because of their
large surface area.
Different nanostructures exhibit different
properties.
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63. Due to their smaller dimensions, nanoparticles
possess a very high specific surface and react more
actively with other particles in the soil matrix.
The existence of even a minute amount of these
nanoparticles can result in extraordinary effects on
the engineering properties soil.
This study found that nanoparticles influence the
strength, permeability, indices, and resistance
properties of soil.
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64. REFERENCES
Zaid Hameed Majeed,Mohd Raihan Taha(2015), “Effect Of
Nanomaterial Treatment On Geotechnical Properties Of A Penang
Soft Soil”, journal of Asian scientific research 2(11):587-592.
Zaid hameed majeed, mohd raihan taha and ibtehaj taha jawad
maxwellscientificorganization,(2014), “Stabilization of Soft Soil
Using Nanomaterials”, Research journal of applied sciences,
engineering and technology 8(4): 503-509, 2014 issn: 2040-7459; e-
issn: 2040-7467.
V. Subramani, S. Sridevi,(2016), “Soil Stabilization using Nano
Materials” International Journal for Research in Applied Science &
Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 4 Issue III, March 2016IC
Value: 13.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
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