Thermal pollution occurs when the temperature of water bodies increases suddenly due to the discharge of heated effluents from industries. Major sources of thermal pollution include power plants, industrial plants, nuclear plants, domestic sewage, and some natural causes. Effects of thermal pollution include decreased dissolved oxygen levels, changes in water properties, increased toxicity, and loss of biodiversity. Methods to control thermal pollution include using cooling towers, non-evaporative cooling towers, and cooling ponds. Soil pollution is caused by dumping of industrial and urban wastes, radioactive pollutants, and certain agricultural practices. Pesticides used in agriculture can also pollute soil if not properly managed.

1. GOOD MORNING
EVERYONE
(OHAYO MINNA)

2. THERMAL POLLUTION
• What is THERMAL POLLUTION?
• Sources or cause
• Its Effects
• How to control

3. THERMAL POLLUTION
Sudden increase in the temperature of water bodies by the
discharge of heated effluents from an industry causing
deterioration of aquatic and terrestrial environment.
In simple words,
Increase in the normal temperatures of natural water
caused by the intervention of the human activities.

4. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•POWER PLANTS
Various industrial plants
such as Thermal Power Plant, Nuclear Power Plants and
other manufacturing factories and mills use water for
cooling purposes. These plants draw water from nearby
sources for cooling different operational units and then
release back the waste water to the source with higher
temperature. When heated water come back to water
body, the temper raises suddenly causing THERMAL
POLLUTION.
Industries like Textile, paper and pulp, sugar etc.
releases heat in water.

5. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•NUCLEAR PLANTS AND EXPERIMENTS
The Nuclear power plants and
drainage from research institutes and hospitals performing
nuclear experiments discharge a lot of unutilized heat and
traces of some toxic radio nucleides into nearby water bodies.
Emission or leakage of nuclear radiations from nuclear plants
also causes thermal problems.

6. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Domestic sewage is generally discharged
into nearby ponds, lakes, rivers and canals
without any waste treatment. The municipal
sewage has higher temper than the water
of water bodies. The discharge of sewage
not only result in the increase of temper of
water bodies but also cause serious
harmful effects on aquatic biota.

7. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•SOIL EROSION
Consistent soil erosion cause
water bodies to raise, making them more
exposed to sunlight. This result in high
temper which may give raise to anaerobic
conditions proving fatal for aquatic life.
Deforestation is also responsible for thermal
pollution.

8. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•NATURAL CAUSES
Like Volcanoes and
geothermal activities under the
ocean and seas may trigger warm
lava raising the temperature of water
bodies. Lightening can also result in
tremendous heat into oceans.

9. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•DECREASE IN THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
LEVEL
The warm water reduces the level of DO in water.
This is becuz warm water hold less oxygen than cold water. The
decrease in DO level cause suffocation for plants and animals
such as fish, amphibians, etc. which may result in anaerobic
conditions.

10. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•CHANGE IN WATER PROPERTIES
Raise in temperature changes the physical and
chemical properties of water. For example, the vapour pressure
of water increases and viscosity of water decreases which affects
the aquatic life.

11. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•INCREASE IN TOXINS
With the constant flow of high temperature
discharge from industries, the rising temperature may increase
the toxicity of the poisonous substances present in the water
bodies. This may cause a greater harm to aquatic life.

12. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
Temperature plays a very important role in
Physiology, Metabolism and Biochemical processes of the aquatic
life. The Temperature change may disrupt the entire ecosystem.
In simple words there will be disturbance in the biodiversity.

13. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•EFFECT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Because of the increases in temperature,
there will be a significant affect in the reproduction of marine life
because the reproduction can happen within a certain range of
temperature.

14. CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•USE OF COOLING TOWER
Cooling tower transfer some of heat from cooling
water to surrounding atmosphere by evaporation.
1) Natural draft Tower: Use air current to lower
down the temper of water. Hot water falls on air
current which cool down the water and cool
water is obtained from the bottom of the tower.
2) Mechanical draft cooling Tower: Air is produced
by blades/fans. Whole process is same as above.
THE BOTH PROCESSES ARE NOT EFFICIENT DUE TO
HIGH COST AND LESS OUTPUT i.e. 2-5% WATER IS
EVAPORATED IN THE AIR CURRENT.

15. CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•NON EVAPORATIVE
COOLING TOWER
In this tower heat is directly
transferred to environment with the
help of heat exchanger.
This method has high cost so not
efficient.

16. CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•COOLING PONDS AND
ARTIFICIAL LAKES
Cooling ponds are
the reservoirs for cooling thermal
discharge. The ponds receive thermal
energy in the water from the plant’s
condensers and the energy is dissipated
mainly through evaporation. Once the
water is cooled, it is reused by the plants.
New cool water is added to replace the lost
water due to evaporation.

17. SOIL POLLUTION OR LAND POLLUTION
• What is soil pollution?
• Sources or cause
• Pollution due to Pesticides
• How to control

18. SOIL POLLUTION
• Soil receive large quantity of hazardous waste from different
sources and gets polluted.
• Any factor which deteriorates the quality, texture and mineral
content of the soil and disturbs the biological balance of the
organism in it and has lethal affect on the plant growth is
known as soil pollution.

19. SOURCE OF SOIL POLLUTION
•DUMPING OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES
The disposal of
industrial waste in the major sources of
soil pollution. These industrial wastes
polluting soil are mainly from industries
such as textile, paper, food processing,
chemical, oil refinement, sugar industries,
coal and mining etc. These wastes may
contains inorganic or organic suspended
particles and soluble matter.

20. SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION
•URBAN WASTES
Urban wastes constitute
both commercial and domestic wastes
consisting of dried sludge of sewage.
Solid waste and refuse in urban area
also contribute to soil pollution. These
may consists of food remaining, paper,
plastic and many harmful chemicals.

21. SOURCE OF SOIL POLLUTION
•RADIOACTIVE
POLLUTANTS
Radioactive
substances resulting from
explosions from nuclear plants,
atmospheric fall from nuclear dust
and radioactive waste produced
from radioactive nuclear testing
labs, hospitals and industries,
penetrate the soil and accumulate
there causing serious soil pollution.

22. SOURCE OF SOIL POLLUTION
•AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Modern agricultural
practices pollute the soil to a large extent.
With the increasing use of fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides and soil
conditioning agents to increase the crop
yield, soil pollution problem has also been
increased.

23. ROLE OF PESTICIDES IN GENERATING POLLUTION
• The chemicals which are used for destroying pests are called
pesticides. These are used to kill or control unwanted
dangerous species of plants and animals.
• The pesticides may be classified as following
1) Insecticides
2) Herbicides
3) Fungicides
4) Rodenticides

24. INSECTICIDES
• These are used to kill the
insects in the agricultural field.
During WW2, DDT was found to
be of great use in controlling
the MALARIA.
• After the war DDT was used in
fields to control the damage
done by insects.
• Some example of insecticides
are malathion, carbaryl, BHC
etc.
• However these Insecticides by
accumulating in the
environment affect many non

25. HERBICIDES
• These are used to kill weeds or
undesirable vegetations.
• For example: Sodium Chlorate, Sodium
Arsenate etc.
• Most of these are toxic and decomposes
in few months.
• Organo-Chloride cause birth problems.

26. FUNGICIDES
• Used to Control the growth of various types
of fungus and check plant diseases.
• For example, thiram, NCSS, Phenyl mercury
acetate etc.
• These compounds break down in the soil
and have disastrous consequences.
• In Iraq many deaths were reported in 1971-
72 resulted from the people eating bread
made from grain that had been treated by
fungicide METHYL MERCURY.

27. RODENTICIDES
• Used to kill rodents (rats and
mice).
• For example: Warfarin, Zinc
Phosphate.

28. CONTROL OF PESTICIDE POLLUTION
• Excessive use of pesticides Is dangerous to man, animal, fish,
vegetations, etc.
• Theses spread most widely and alarmingly danger to
environment.
• The use of many toxic pesticides have been banned.
• INDIA is one of the few producers of DDT in the world, which
has been banned by USA since 1972 for environment reasons.

29. BY:
SAHIL SHARMA
DEPTT. OF
PHYSICS
Thank You