History of XX century - Social-economic changes in Central and East Europe - Poles, Ukrainians, Romanians, Russians and etc.

1. SOCIAL ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE
REGION
By Elmir Badalov

2. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
 First 1848-1859 marked a neo-absolutist
phase,with government exclusively under the
control of Vienna
 Second 1860 to 1866 was a time of
constitutional experiment
 Third 1867 to 1868 witnessed the creation of the
Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy,the structure
which prevailed until the very demise of
Habsburg Empire in 1918

3. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
 Vienna rulled the empire directly from the imperial court
and,in some areas,including Galicia and Hungary,through
martial lawadministered by the imperial army
 Martial law in Galicia lasted until 1854,after which an
imperial civil administration was set up,headed by a
viceroy.In 1867 the nineteen regions were replaced by
seventy-four and,later,eighty-three districts,each with its
own sheriff in the charge of the district administration
 Besides,the districts there were also two self-governing
cities L’viv and Cracow
 The status of Bukovina remained uncertain.
 Transcarpathia was under martial law

4. VICEROY IN GALICIA
 The first viceroy to function under the centralized
system of Austrian rule was the polish count Agenor
Goluchowski.
 Goluchowski was convinced that Austria offered the
best political future for Poles.
 Goluchowski served as Galician viceroy three times
between 1849 and 1875
 Goluchowski successfully foiled Vienna’s inclination to
divide Galicia into two provinces a division which would
effectively have meant a Polish and Ukranian province.
 He even tried to introduce the Latin alphabet for
Ukranian publications in 1859

5. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND AUSTRIA’S
INTERNAL POLITICS
 1859 was a crucial turning point for Austria,since it lost a
war with France and the growing Italian nation-state of
Sardinia-Piedmont.it was evident that centralized from
Vienna had failed.
 Count Goluchowski propesed a new solution,this marked
the dawn of the era of constitutionalism and
representative government in Austrian history.
 In 1866 Prussia leadership of Chancellor Otto Bismarch
defeated Austria in a war.
 The result was a compromise reached with the
Hungarians in may 1867 and known as Ausgleich.it
inevitably prompted demands from other natinalities.

6.  The Poles put forth their program in the so-called Galician
Resolution of 1868(political autonomy for the
province,local diet,a separate supreme court,and
responsibility on the part of the viceroy to the diet.
 Polish became the language of internal administration
secondary school s and Lviv University
 In 1871 the Ministry of Galician Affairs was created
 Ukranians participated in the political system and
guarenteed certain legal rights
 The dominant position of the Poles was bolstered by the
social privileges of the landed nobility and the upper
middle class
 For the Ukranians the struggle for national and social
emancipation was one and the same.

7. AUSTRIAN PARLIAMENTARY STRUCTURE
 When galicia’s diet was established in 1861 it had 150
seats.1901 161,1911 228.1861(44 by great
landowners,3 by chambers of commerce,23 by cities,80
by small towns and rural communes.
 Bukovinian diet 31 until 1911,thereafter it had 63
 Austrian parliament came into being 1861 consisted of 2
houses.Houses of Lords(members appointed by
emperor.House of Deputies(until 1907 by curia
system,then by universal male suffrage).
 Number of deputies 203(1861) increased 516 (1907)
 66 of 228(1914) 49 of 150(1861) deputies were
ukranians
 All subsequent Galician viceroys were Poles

8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC
DEVOLOPMENTS
 In the first half of the XIX century Galicia was an
underdeveloped agrarian region whose raw materials
were exploited by the more industrialized provinces in the
western part of the Habsburg Empire.
 Galicia’s population increased from 4.9 million(1849) to
7.9 million(1910).
 1849 and 1910 Poles percent in Galicia remained same
but Ukranians declined from 47 % to 43%.
 The Reasons for this proportional change were:
 1.an increase in Polish colonization from western to
eastern Galicia.
 2.the large-scale emigration of Ukranians abroad
beginning in the 1880s.

9. NATIONALITY COMPOSITION OF GALICIA 1910
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
POLES 3.627.000 45.4
UKRANIANS 3.422.000 42.9
JEWS 872.000 10.9
GERMANS 65.000 0.8
OTHERS
TOTAL
10.000
7.996.000
0.0
100.0

10.  The provincial capital L’viv,in 1910 it was a still relatively
small city of only 207.000 inhabitants,over 80 % of whom
were Poles or Jews.Prezmysl and Kolomyia with fewer
than 40.000 inhabitants each.Ternopil and Stanyslaviv
fewer than 30.000.
 Three-fifths of the province ‘s inhabitants were engaged in
agricultural pursuits.
 The difficult economic situation gave rise to frequent
peasent strikes at the beginning of XX century.Many
peasents also sought relief by emigrating abroad.
 Between 1881 and 1912 estimated 430.000 ukranians left
galicia and bukovina and another 170.000 left
Transcarpathia.
 The only real way to stop the emigration was to improve
the Galician economy.

11.  In the 1880s in particular industrial development was
encouraged by the dynamic marshall of the Galician diet
Mikolay Zyblikiewicz.
 Railroad construction had already begun in the 1860s and
by 1914 Galicia together with Bulkovina and
Transcarpathia had a rather well developed network
totaling 2.294 miles(3.700 kilometers).
 By 1900,foreign investments in Galicia amounted to 1.3
billion crowns,at a time when the province’s entire budget
was only 20.5 million crowns.
 A modest industrial growth took place in Galicia.
 By 1902 there were 335 plants,employing 26. 000
workers,1910 these figures had increased to 448 plants
with 36.000 workers.
 Oil disvored in 1870 in eastern Galicia.

12.  Employment of workers (1910)
Machine building and metal
working
10 percent
Food Processing 34 percent
Lumber and Wood
Processing
20 percent
Clothes Manufacturing 16 percent
Mineral-mainly oil-extraction 15 percent

13. THE PROBLEM OF STATISTICS
 During the second half of the nineteenth century,several
European countries began to undertake censuses every
ten years.
 For instance,the Austrian statistics on language for Galicia
in 1910 were the following:
Polish 4.672.000 58.5%
Ukranian 3.208.000 40.2%
German 90.000 1.1%
Others 10.000 0.1%

14. OTHER PEOPLES IN EASTERN GALICIA AND
BUKOVINA
 Most of the administrative,commercial and industrial
development in late ninetenth-century Galicia was directed
not by Ukranians but rather by Poles and Jews.
 By 1890 one-third of all Poles living in eastern Galicia had
immigrated from the west of the San.
 By 1910 there was a total of 890.000 Poles in eastern
Galicia.In terms of socioeconomic composition ,68 percent
were peasents,16 percent were engaged in industry.8.5
percent were engaged in the trade and transport,and 7.5
percent were engaged in administration,the professions
and service jobs.

15. L’VIV
 Among the Polish diaspora from Ukraine was a strong
contingent from the city of L’viv.
 After the war they established in London the L’viv Circle
to perpetuate through lectures and publications of the
memory of Polish Lwow.
 Numerous books ,pamphlets,reprintings and journals
devoted to Polish western Ukraine have appeared.L’viv,in
particular has been the focus of attention through
publications,media reports,and the activity of over a
dozen Friends of Lwow societies founded throughout
Poland since 1989.

16. JEWS IN GALICIA
 Whereas in 1849 there were 328.000 Jews,by 1910 their
numbers had more than doubled to 872.000 a figure that
represented 11 percent of the total population of the
province.
 Three-quarters of Galician’s jews (660.000) lived in the
eastern half of the province in both cities and small towns
(76.2 percent) and the surrounding Ukranian countryside.
 The Jews remained an important factor in the Galician
economy.By 1910 77 percent of the group were engaged
in commerce,industry,and small handicrafts.
 Despite emigration,Galicia in the second half of the
nineteenth century was the center of a vibrant Jewish
political and cultural life.

17. THE UKRANIAN DIASPORA
 Migration is nothing new to the peoples of Ukraine.In the
XVI century Ukranians discontented with Poland’s
economic and cultural policies emigrated to Muscovy.
 In the early XVIII century the first political emigration
associated with the Cossack hetman Pylyp Orlyk,fled
westward from Muscovite rule.
 By 1914 600.000 Ukranian left their lands,established
distinct community structures in the USA and then
Canada.
 The Ukranian national building process in North America
was initially carried out by secular organizations,the
oldest and still the largest of which is the Ukranian
National Association established in 1894 in Jersey city.

18.  Among the most important Ukranian institutions in North
America were the churches
 The churches and their parish priests became as
intrested in preserving thr Ukranian language and
fostering a Ukranian identity as theywere in sustaining
purely religious activity.Ukranian churches were almost all
Greek Catholic.
 Quite apart from the Orthadoxy brought by the few
Bukovinian immigrants the 1890s witness2ed the
beginning of an Orthadox movement in the United States.
 Ukranian immigrants and their descendants hoped to
influence economic and in particular political
developments in Ukraine.

19.  The diaspora fulfilled its role as preserver of Ukranian
culture and national conscioness through the creation in
Western Europe and North America of several
educational and scholarly institutions such as,
 The Ukranian Studies Program at Harvard University,in
Cambridge,Massachusetts
 The Shevchenko Scientific Society and Ukranian
Academy of Sciences in New York city.
 The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the
University of Alberta in Edmonton,Canada.
 In short the Ukrainian diaspora despite numerous internal
conflicts,maintained for posterity all those elements of the
Ukranian cultural patriomony that were being suppressed
in the Ukranian homeland.

20.  The jewish elite was similar to those Ukranians who
accepted the principle of multiple loyalties.For them the
choice was to be a German or a Pole of Jewish religious
background.
 Zionists first Galician organization was established in
Przemysl in 1874 looked to only one avenue to jewish
salvation emigration to palestine.
 One of the aspects of self-emancipation was a new
attitude toward the indigenous Yiddish culture of jews in
the Austro-Hungarian Empire as well as elsewhere in
Eastern Europe.
 Neighboring Bokovina,in particular was the home of the
founder of Yiddish theater,Abraham Godfaden,and the
site of the first world congress of Yiddish language and
culture.

21. UKRAINE’S OTHER DIASPORAS
 Since Ukraine was home to many different peoples,it
generated other Ukranian diasporas or,more
precisely,diasporas from Ukraine.Numerically the most
important was that of the Jews.
 In the 1940s there were in the US as many as 31
separate organizations of Jews from the city of Odessa
alone,which were among the nearly 800 groups that
formed an umbrella body known as the National
Conference of Ukranian Jewish Organizations.
 Armand Hammer,an american-born,who himself became
a wealthy industrialist and art collector
 German language writers Manes Sperber and Paul
Celan.

22. ROMANIANS
 The oldest and most important cultural organization was
the Society for Romanian Literature and Culture in
Bukovina.Over the next half century it published literary
journals.,provided scholarships for Romanian gymnasium
students.
 During the last three decades of Habsburg
Rule,Romanian leaders were concerned primarily with two
issues:
 The first was the growth of the local Ukranian movement
 The other issue was Romanian irredentism from
neighboring Romania