LantudMacalaboTan-EffectsofRiceWateronSolanumlycopersicum.pdf

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360033172
Effects of Rice Water in the Growth of Solanum lycopersicum
Thesis · April 2022
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18242.04807
CITATIONS
0
READS
14,844
3 authors, including:
Christ Dustly Go Tan
University of the Philippines Los Baños
3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Christ Dustly Go Tan on 19 April 2022.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

EFFECTS OF RICE WATER IN THE
GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum
LANTUD, CASANDRA HANNAH S.
MACALABO, JUMAIRAH JASMINE M.
TAN, CHRIST DUSTLY G.
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
CENTRAL MINDANAO CAMPUS
NANGKA, BALO-I, LANAO DEL NORTE
MARCH 2022

i
EFFECTS OF RICE WATER IN THE
GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Faculty of
Philippine Science High School
Central Mindanao Campus
Nangka, Balo-i, Lanao del Norte
In Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements in
Research 3
CASANDRA HANNAH S. LANTUD
JUMAIRAH JASMINE M. MACALABO
CHRIST DUSTLY G. TAN
March 2022

ii
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The research paper, entitled “EFFECTS OF USING RICE WATER IN THE
GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum” prepared and submitted by CASANDRA
HANNAH S. LANTUD, JUMAIRAH JASMINE M. MACALABO, and CHRIST
DUSTLY G. TAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 3, is hereby
accepted.
____________________________
SANTIAGO M. ANDO
Research Adviser
Accepted by the Panel on Oral Defense
____________________________ ____________________________
MARILOU V. CABILI JOCELYN O. PATTUINAN
Panelist Research Coordinator
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 3
_________________________________
FRANKLIN L. SALISID
Campus Director

iii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Name: Casandra Hannah S. Lantud
Address: Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan
City
Birthdate: January 30, 2004
Contact Number:09654271052
Email Address: chslantud@cmc.pshs.edu.ph
Elementary School: Iligan City SPED Center
Father: Casan L. Lantud
Occupation: Police Officer
Mother: Clarinda S. Lantud
Occupation: Not applicable
Siblings: Abdulhafiez S. Lantud
Ayesah Hasmin S. Lantud

iv
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Name: Jumairah Jasmine M. Macalabo
Address: 9th East Rosario Heights, Tubod,
Iligan City
Birthdate: December 1, 2003
Contact Number: Not Applicable
Email Address: jumairah.jmm@gmail.com
Elementary School: South I-A Central School
Father: Talib-Ali P. Macalabo Jr.
Occupation: None
Mother: Omaira M. Macalabo
Occupation: Physician
Siblings: Junairah M. Macalabo
Jonaisah Haniah M. Macalabo
Omar Ali M. Macalabo
Princess Jehan M. Macalabo

v
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Name: Christ Dustly G. Tan
Address: Purok 4 Carangan Ozamiz City
Misamis Occidental, 7200
Birthdate: November 24, 2003
Contact Number: 0968 423 3496
Email Address: christtan12@gmail.com
Elementary School: Ozamiz City Central School
Father: Dustin Jam H. Tan
Occupation: Operator
Mother: Lovely G. Tan
Occupation: Housewife
Siblings: Mary Dustly G. Tan
Saint Dustly G. Tan
Heaven Dustly G. Tan
Holy Dustly G. Tan

vi
ABSTRACT
Rice water has been widely produced in households as a result of cooking rice.
Oftentimes, rice water is discarded, wasting water from which the existing issue of
water scarcity is still prevalent in several countries. This paper aims to describe the
effect of using rice water as a watering agent, thereby recycling and reusing water.
Twenty in tnine plant samples were observed and collected data from. One-way
ANOVA analysis on the plant samples data was performed. The analysis showed a
significant difference between the means of the treatments’ absolute growth rate (AGR)
with rice water treatment having the highest average AGR (p = 0.018). Samples’
observations comparison were done still with rice water, having the highest fresh and
dry weight, and height. These results indicate that usage of rice water on plants has the
greatest growth performance when compared to the two treatments, tap and distilled
water. Hence, rice water on plants is a good and effective choice to use when watering
plants.

vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To our panel member, Ma’am Marilou Cabili. Thank you for sharing insightful
suggestions that helped us push through.
To our research adviser, Sir Santiago Ando. Thank you for being understanding
and supportive throughout the entire process.
To Ma’am Joy. Thank you for being so patient with us, believing in us and our
project.
To everyone that supported and believed in us. Thank you very much.
To us. Thank you for not giving up.

viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................. i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ................................................................................. ii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ........................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi
ACKNOLWEDGMENT ............................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ x
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ xiii
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
Background of the Study................................................................................... 1
Objectives of the Study .................................................................................... 4
Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4
Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................. 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................... 6
On Water and Rice ............................................................................................6
On Studies on Rice Water ................................................................................ 9
On Studies on Applications of Rice Water on Plants ...................................... 11

ix
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 16
Materials ......................................................................................................... 16
General Experimental Procedure ..................................................................... 16
Planting ........................................................................................................... 16
Water Treatments ............................................................................................ 17
Set-up .............................................................................................................. 17
Absolute Growth Rate and Height ................................................................... 18
Calculation of the Fresh and Dry Weight ........................................................ 18
Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................. 19
Findings .......................................................................................................... 19
Observations ................................................................................................... 21
Summary.......................................................................................................... 22
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ............................................................. 23
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................... 24
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 32

x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
G.1 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on tap water
treatment in centimeters ……………..…………………………….. 50
G.2 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on distilled
water treatment in centimeters ……………………..……………… 50
G.3 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on rice water
treatment in centimeters ………………..………………………….. 51
H.1 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on tap water treatment in
grams ……………………………………………………………….. 52
H.2 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment in
grams ……………………………………………………………….. 52
H.3 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in
grams ……………………………………………………………… 52
I.1 Mean statistics for the treatments and parameters …………………. 53
I.2 Overall Central Tendencies of the Treatments ……………..………. 53
I.4 One-Way ANOVA analysis on the AGR of the treatments ………... 54

xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
A.1 Set-up area in Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan City ……. 32
B.1 Tomato seed brand Diamante Max F1 ……………………………... 33
B.2 Pure Soil ………………………………………………………..…... 33
B.3 Tap Water from Nawasa ………………………………………..….. 34
B.4 Distilled Water from the brand Absolute …………………………... 34
B.5 Rice Water from the first wash of the rice Princess Bea ……….…... 35
C.1 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on tap water treatment . 36
C.2 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on distilled water
treatment ……………………………………………………………. 37
C.3 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on rice water treatment 39
D.1 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on tap water
treatment …..………………………………………………………... 40
D.2 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on distilled water
treatment ……………………………………………………………. 41
D.3 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on rice water
treatment ……………………………………………………………. 42
E.1 Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment after drying …... 44
E.2 Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment after drying 45
E.3 Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment after drying ….. 46

xii
F.1 Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment weighed after
drying ……………………………………………………………… 47
F.2 Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment weighed after
drying ………………………………………………………………. 48
F.3 Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment weighed after
drying ………………………………………………………………. 49
I.3 Boxplot of the treatment’s Absolute Growth Rates ……..…………. 54

xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Set-Up ……………………………………………………………… 32
B Materials Used ……………………………………………………… 33
C Images of the Tomato Plants on its 8th Week …………….………... 36
D Images of the Tomato Plants Weighed on its 8th Week …………… 40
E Images of the Tomato Plants After Drying ………………..……….. 43
F Images of the Tomato Plants Weighed After Drying ……….……… 47
G Raw Data Table of the Weekly Growth of the Tomato Plant’s Height...
………………………………………………………………………. 50
H Raw Data Table of the Dry and Fresh Weight of the Tomato Plant .. 52
I Tables and Boxplots for the Results and Discussions …………….... 53

1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Rice (Orya sativa) has been the staple food, everyday food for Filipinos founded
way back in the Spanish colonial period (Aguilar, 2005). Eighty percent (80%) of
Filipinos see rice as their staple food, accounting for 46% of their caloric intake and
35% of their protein consumption. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported
that a single Filipino consumes 118.81 kilograms of rice annually, which is equivalent
to 325.5 grams of rice daily. With the Philippines’ current population of 108.66 million,
the country’s annual consumption of rice would amount to 12.9 million metric tons
(Layaoen, 2020). Rice has been identified as the single most important crop in the
Philippines and, thus, a significant source of income for millions of Filipino farmers
(Bordey, 2010).
Rice water has been continuously produced as a waste product in cooking rice.
Before the rice is served on the table, it undergoes several rinsing processes to remove
dirt and debris. Most importantly, remove the surface starch that causes the rice to
clump together or get gummy as it cooks (Emily T, 2017). After cleansing the rice, the
starchy water is rice water (Burgess, 2018).
Using the most straightforward and lowest ratio of 1:1, where a kilogram of rice
needs one liter of water to be washed, an approximate 12.9 billion liters of rice water is
produced and discarded, which can cause water scarcity. This approximated amount of
discarded rice water could have been reused and utilized in cosmetics, the agricultural
industry, and other areas.
Unbeknownst to most households, rice water contains numerous vitamins and
minerals. With its natural content, rice water has been applied and infused to different

2
fields, such as in cosmetics formulation (Marto et al., 2018), hair treatment (Inamasu et
al., 2010), and skin treatment (Morse, 2019).
Rice water is rich in amino acids, vitamins (A, B, C, & E), anti-oxidants,
flavonoids, and phenolic compounds (Burgess, 2018). It is also commonly used in
skincare and hair products because it contains ferulic acid, an antioxidant, and allantois,
with anti-inflammatory properties (Miranda, n.d.). Moreover, rice water is used as a
fertilizer and for pests and insect control like fruit flies, plant lice, flea beetles, and other
pests that can be reduced (Pramod Kumar, 2018).
Aside from these vitamins and minerals, rice water contains starch, giving its
opaque, white color. These starches are beneficial to plants as they encourage healthy
bacteria and fungi such as mycorrhizae to grow in the roots. The vitamins and minerals
from the rice add small amounts of NPK (nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus) into
the soil, which are also quite beneficial to plants (Dr. Kris, 2019).
A research study about rice water on kangkong plants was conducted at the
University of Putra Malaysia that resulted in the beneficial use of the said water to
plants (Dr. Kris, 2019). According to Teh Boon Sung (2017), the usage of rice water
on kangkong plants is said to be as effective as NPK fertilizers in promoting plant
growth in terms of the number of plant leaves produced and the plant biomass. Teh
Boon Sung added that the rice water could be a suitable replacement for NPK fertilizer.
However, Teh Boon Sung noted that further research needs to be conducted on the
effect of rice water on plants or crop types to evaluate rice water’s effectiveness fully.
The Center for Sustainable Development (2018), a research facility based in the
Bahamas, proposed using several biofertilizers in household gardens. They listed starch
biofertilizer, a fertilizer made of rice water and milk, eggshell; bone fertilizer, a

3
fertilizer made of eggshells and bones from viands; and organic material fertilizer, a
fertilizer made of seaweed leaves, manure, etc.
Starch biofertilizer is a concentrated solution made up of fermented rice water
and milk that takes advantage of the reaction by mixing the two ingredients as time
passes. The solution creates lactic acid bacteria, which is extremely useful for the soil,
promoting plant growth and seed germination (Center for Sustainable Development,
2018).
Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as Tomato, a fruit crop, is a nutrient-
dense superfood that benefits a range of bodily systems. Its nutritional content supports
healthy skin, weight loss, and heart health (Ware, 2017) and is considered the most
crucial vegetable globally. It is planted to about 4.4 million hectares around the world.
In the Philippines, around 17,500 hectares are grown to tomatoes, with Pangasinan and
Bukidnon as the top producing areas (PCARRD, 2017).
Tomato plants are widely used as a model crop for fruit development and
various physiological, cellular, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies. It can be
quickly grown in greenhouses or growth chambers, in which using appropriate
cultivation techniques makes tomatoes a convenient model plant for researchers, even
for beginners (Schwarz et al., 2014).
Hence, this study aims to see the growth effect in rice water as the watering
agent in Tomato plants. This study explores further and strengthens the previous
research on rice water as a potential fertilizer on plants by determining its effect on fruit
plants. The study seeks to create an efficient, cost-effective method to reuse and save
water..

4
This study proposes to analyze the effectiveness of rice water on Solanum
lycopersicum plants by comparing several plant parameters with different watering
types.
Objectives of the Study
This study aims to measure the growth of Solanum lycopersicum using rice water as the
watering agent. Specifically, the study aims to:
1. To evaluate the effect of rice water as a watering agent on tomato plants by
comparing it with different water types: distilled, and tap water;
2. To compare the effects of the water type by comparing them through their
absolute growth rate, height, dry matter production, and distribution; and
3. To determine a method to utilize the food processing waste, rice water.
Significance of the Study
The innovative use of rice water makes the study significant as it allows people
to reuse their waste products whenever they cook rice. The study could help people
preserve water and reduce wastage in their respective households. Moreover, it could
benefit them by saving money as they lessen their water bills. The study could also give
out an efficient and effective method to people, especially gardeners, who observe
simple and small details such as seed germination and plant growth, thus saving them
more time.
The study could also be a significant contribution to agricultural science. The
use of rice water on plants, its effect on the growth of a plant in terms of its height,
weight, etc., will be added to the existing library of agricultural studies. Different
researches on rice water may breakthrough to further analyze the effectiveness of rice

5
water. Consequently, this study could also improve the Philippines’ economy,
especially in the agricultural sector. The farmers could utilize the knowledge about rice
water and create a rice water irrigation system for a fast growth rate of the plants on
their farm.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses only on the effect of rice water on Solanum lycopersicum as
a watering agent. Data collection on the status of the tomato plants is only for the
duration of 2 months and only focuses on general observations, plant height per week,
and its final fresh and dry weight on 30 tomato plants with 10 on each treatment. One–
way ANOVA is used for data analysis.
The study will not collect data that cannot be obtained for the 2 month duration
such as number of flowers and fruits and will not be covering other plant types and only
tomato plants. Each tomato plant is given the same ratio in its respective treatment. The
results of the study is only applicable on tomato plants and not on other plant types.
The status of the tomato plants for 2 months are the only sources of data.

6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a review of the literature and studies considered relevant
in the present investigation of the effect of the use of rice water on the growth
performance of Solanum lycopersicum plants. These pieces of information are taken
from books and journal articles that examine the components and utilizations of rice
water, where it mainly focuses on its effects as a fertilizer, watering agent, and other
related studies. These readings are beneficial in strengthening the analysis and
interpretation of the study.
On Water and Rice
A simple molecule composed of two small hydrogen atoms and one large
oxygen atom is water. Identified as the universal solvent because of its molecular
structure and solubility properties, this simple compound acted plentiful roles and
functions in sustaining life on Earth (Sargen, 2019).
Water is an essential thing that makes life on Earth possible. It plays a vital
component in all living things, in ecosystems, and the planet. The survival of living
organisms depends on the availability of water itself (What is Water? | AMNH, n.d.).
Hydrating through drinking, supporting cellular structures, building and breaking down
important cell components by chemical reactions are just some of the important
functions of water which sustain the lives of living organisms (Sargen, 2019).
An estimate of seventy-one percent (70%) of Earth’s surface is covered in water
with the oceans’ covering around 97% of the whole (Water Science School, 2018).
However, even with the large percentage, only 3% are freshwater, the water that
humans use to drink, bathe in, and irrigate farms with. To add more to it, two-thirds of

7
the freshwater’s percentage is not available for human consumption as it is either
usually enclosed in frozen glaciers or located several feet below ground where the
humans do not have access to. As a result of this phenomenon, approximately 1.1 billion
people around the world lack water access and 2.7 billion suffer from water scarcity
(Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF, n.d.).
Water scarcity is not uncommon even to countries with adequate supply of
water. Some of the factors that contribute to this scarcity include collapsed
infrastructure and distribution systems, contamination, conflict, and poor management
of water resources which are a mixture of the factors between climate change and
human actions (UNICEF, n.d.). According to UNICEF (n.d.), water scarcity denies
children’s right to access safe water and sanitation, thereby changing their lifestyle and
putting their health and life at risk.
According to the World Wildlife Fund (n.d.), an organization which advocates
for and supports organizations to become responsible water stewards, agriculture uses
70% of the world’s accessible freshwater. However, 60% of this was said to be wasted
due to unstable irrigation systems, inefficient application methods and the cultivation
of crops that are not suitable for the environment they are grown in. This wasteful
occurrence results in the drying out of rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers which
are some of the primary resources of freshwater (Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF, n.d.).
Hence, the need for effective and efficient water management is important to solve this
problem.
Water conservation has been one of the simplest ways to eradicate or lessen the
repercussions of water scarcity as it can be easily applied to various households. Several
organizations have used water conservation as their main theme for their projects or

8
campaigns such as the Department of Environmental Protection in Pennsylvania and
The Wildlife Trusts (DEP, n.d.; How to Conserve Water | The Wildlife Trusts, n.d.).
Water conservation is defined as the proper and wise use of water, reducing
unnecessary water wastages (How to Conserve Water | The Wildlife Trusts, n.d.). The
conservation of water comes in many forms where several of them are the use of
dishwashers, turning off running faucets, managing outdoor water use, wisely picking
right washing machines, and recycling water (What Is Water Conservation?, n.d.).
Water reuse, or commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation, is
the act of recovering water from a variety of sources and utilizing it after for beneficial
purposes such as potable water supplies, replenishment of groundwater, industrial
processes, environmental restoration, and agriculture and irrigation (Basic Information
about Water Reuse, 2022). With rice water commonly regarded as a food processing
waste (Marto, 2018), or generally, a waste product commonly discarded in households,
recycling and utilizing this water produced when cooking rice is a great practice of
water conservation.
Rice water can be seen easily in various households as a waste product in
cooking, as people cook rice every day to sustain their daily needs. Rice (Oryza sativa)
is a complex carbohydrate which serves as the primary source of energy for the human
population. Rice varies by strains and it can contain fibre, protein, vitamin B, iron and
manganese which is vital for fighting malnutrition (Westlake, 2019). It is the staple
food in the Philippines, essential to people with low incomes and also to the economy,
which can be important for the promotion of agricultural development and the
alleviation of poverty (Tibao, n.d.). Rice is rinsed before it is cooked to remove any
debris present and prevent the rice from being gummy as they cook because of the

9
surface starch present from rice grains (Foster, 2016). The waste product obtained from
this action is called rice water.
With the rice water’s branding of a waste product, people drain it in their sinks
to eliminate them. Unbeknownst to everyone, rice water contains several nutrients and
minerals that are quite beneficial to living organisms such as humans, animals, and
plants.
On Studies on Rice Water
Burgess (2018) stated that rice water is rich in amino acids, vitamins (A, B, C,
& E), anti-oxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds which in turn, are beneficial
for the hair. She described that women back in the Heian period, a period in Japanese
history, had floor length hair keeping them healthy by bathing it in rice water. She
suggested that rice water helps the hair grow fast, smooth and shiny because of the
vitamins and minerals that it contains after washing rice (Burgess, 2018).
Rice water is also commonly used in skincare and hair products because it
contains ferulic acid, an antioxidant, and allantois which contains anti-inflammatory
properties (Miranda, n.d.). A study conducted by Binic, et. al (2013) showed that rice
wine, a fermented rice water, helps improve skin damage from the sun. It increases the
collagen in the skin, which keeps your skin supple and helps prevent it from wrinkling.
Their study concluded that rice water contains natural sunscreen properties which
protects the skin from the harmful ultraviolet light emitted by the sun (Binic, et. al,
2013).
Another study conducted by Marto, et. al. (2018) showed that rice water
contains anti-aging properties which can be incorporated into cosmetic formulations.
The gel formulation with rice water as its major component was found to be compatible

10
with human skin and showed suitable cosmetic properties. Thus, it was concluded that
rice water should be considered as an anti-aging ingredient that can be used as a raw
material for products.
A research study conducted by De Paepe, et al. (2002) showed that the rice
starch present in rice and rice water helps dermatitis patients heal their damaged skins
by using the rice starch as a bathing additive. The application of the rice-starch
containing bath solution on patients with atopic dermatitis resulted in positive
improvements on the patient’s skin. Their study had concluded that the usage of rice
starch formulated in a bath product, produces a potential skin repairing bath additive
for barrier damaged skin.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d) defines tomatoes as the usually large,
rounded, edible, pulpy berry of an herb (genus Solanum) of the nightshade family native
to South America that is typically red but may be yellow, orange, green, or purplish in
color and is eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. Tomatoes are often labeled as a
vegetable for nutritional purposes. Tomatoes contain vitamins, carotenoids, and
phenolic compounds. They are a good source of vitamin C and the phytochemical
lycopene (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.). Furthermore, most of the
world’s tomato crops are used and undergo processing producing products such as
canned tomatoes, tomato juice, ketchup, puree, paste, and “sun-dried” tomatoes or
dehydrated pulp (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.).
Tomato is branded as the most common “vegetable” in the world with the
highest economic value (Infoagro, n.d.). A study conducted by Renna et al. (2018)
recognized tomato as a species with great importance, widely cultivated in the world.
In an article published in InfoGuide Nigeria, tomatoes were identified as a potential--
driving factor that could be extremely profitable for the country should there be an

11
investment to it (Athanasius, 2019). According to the Agricultural Marketing Resource
Center (2021), an approximate of 12,000 tons of fresh market tomatoes and 11 million
tons of tomato processed products amounted to a total value of one billion dollars
(Tomatoes, 2021). In 2020 alone, a total estimated value of the production of tomatoes
amounted to 39.2 million metric tonnes worldwide (WPTC Crop Situation as of 3 July
2020 - Tomato News, 2020).
Tomatoes do not only excel in production or nutritional value, but also in the
development and experiment sector. An example would be Al-Amri (2013) study of
the growth, productivity, and quality of tomato plants when applied with shikimic acid
or Sidhu et al. (2017) study on the nutritional and antioxidant activity of four different
types of organic tomatoes.
In a study conducted by Quinet et al. (2019), they noted that tomatoes have
become the model for the study of fleshy fruit development in addition to its economic
and nutritional importance. A research conducted by Passam, et al (2007), shows that
tomato is one of the most researched of all horticultural crops in the field of plant
breeding, and molecular techniques which have opened new horizons for genetic
improvement. Tomatoes have been widely used as a crop model for fruit development
but also for diverse physiological, cellular, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies
as it can be easily grown in greenhouses or growth chambers (Schwarz, 2014).
On Studies on Applications of Rice Water on Plants
According to Pramod Kumar (2018), rice water is a well-known nourishing
organic fertilizer for the plants, and at the same time, can be used as a pest and insect
control on fruit flies, plant lice, flea beetles, and other pests that can be reduced.

12
However, the study conducted by Noviyanty and Salingkat (2018), entitled The
effect of Application of rice dishwater and manure as organic fertilizer to the growth
of mustard (Brassica Juncea L.), showed that the use of rice water on mustard plants
bear no significant effect on the plant’s height and number of leaves.
Noviyanty and Salingkat (2018) conducted a study that determined the effect of
giving rice washing water waste and manure on mustard plants' growth and yield. The
researchers used quantitative data analysis techniques. The study used a randomized
block design with two factors consisting of 16 treatments repeated three times. The first
factor used is to control rice washing water with a concentration of 10, 20, and 30
ml/liter of water, and the second factor is manure consisting of control, manure 5, 10,
and 15 grams. According to the result presented in the study, rice washing water did
not significantly affect plant height and number of leaves on the mustard green.
After testing and observing the different variables on limited sample size, the
researcher may have been reasonable to claim that there is no significant interaction
between the concentration of rice washing water and manure doses on the growth and
yield of mustard greens. However, the study only focuses on a limited sample size and
only tested the different fertilizer concentrations on one plant, the mustard green. This
study could have been more comprehensive if the researchers did not limit merely
observing factors such as the plant height and the number of mustard plants' leaves. It
could also have been more extensive had the researchers used a larger sample size.
This study is similar to the present study because both investigated and tested
the effect of using rice water. Both studies aim to show the significant difference
between the height and number of leaves of a plant with and without rice water.
However, the differences lie in the concentration of rice water and the plant to be used.

13
The present study investigates the significance of using rice water to tomato plants,
while this study used the mustard green plant to test out rice water's effectiveness.
At the same time, several studies also suggest that rice water can be used as an
alternative fertilizer for plants. The Center for Sustainable Development (2018) located
in Bahamas came up with several biofertilizers that are extremely helpful in a healthy
and nutritious vegetation such as a concentration made up of rice water and milk, called
the starch water biofertilizer. They aimed to provide easy and accessible biofertilizers
to reduce community waste by creating effective, non-polluting, and non-toxic organic
fertilizers that can be utilized in garden homes and farms (Center for Sustainable
Development, 2018).
The starch water biofertilizer depends on the chemical reaction made by the
combination of starch water and milk. The combination produces lactic acid bacteria
that improves soil health by decomposing organic matters and reducing unwanted
pathogens that are associated with decaying materials. It also removes foul odors
associated with composting and manure. The starch water allows the growth of
indigenous bacteria while the milk isolates bacterias needed for fertilizer leaving
unwanted bacterias to die off. These findings showed that the starch water biofertilizer
is a good organic fertilizer for garden homes as it is easy to create and can be accessed
anytime (Center for Sustainable Development, 2018).
The starch water biofertilizer is similar to the present study in a sense that both
are using the waste product, rice water in investigating its effect on plants. The starch
water biofertilizer is also beneficial in the present study, in a way that it gives insight
on what the rice water could possibly do and contributes to the growth of the selected
plant, which is tomato. However, the difference lies in the mode of utilization of the

14
rice water. The present study uses rice water as its watering agent on the plants while
the starch water biofertilizer uses it as a fertilizer for the plants.
In one study conducted by Syuhaibah (2017), rice water was used as a watering
agent, and was tested on kangkong, and was compared with NPK fertilizer and tap
water. For data collection, 5 replications were procured and plant growth parameters
(leaf number, plant height, fresh and dry plant weight, leaf area, and specific leaf area
or leaf thickness) and plant nutrient content (N, K, Ca, and Mg) were measured.
Additionally, soil properties such as pH, K, Ca, and Mg were measured. According to
the findings of the study, it showed that using water from washed rice is as effective as
NPK fertilizer in promoting plant growth, at least in terms of the number of plant leaves
produced and the higher plant biomass.
The researchers may be reasonable with their claims since they used statistical
analysis and many plant growth and soil parameters were measured with a level of
confidence of 90%. However, a larger sample size results would be statistically
significant at a higher level or more plant growth parameters would be found to be
statistically significant from using washed rice water. This study could have significant
results had the researchers included a larger sample size.
This study is similar to the present study, wherein both are investigating the
effects of rice water as a watering agent. However, the difference lies in the subject
being tested and the parameters measured. This study used kangkung and plant growth,
nutrient content, and soil properties were measured, while the present study used tomato
plants and only measured the plant growth properties (plant height, fruit weight, and
the number of fruits beared).
The contrasting results that the rice water application had given on leafy plants
strengthens the mportantance to analyze the relationship between the application of rice

15
water and non-leafy plants, specially fruit bearing plants. With tomato as one of the
best crop models, analysis on the application of rice water on this plant type’s growth
performance could lead to remarkably promising results. Hence, the present study aims
to determine the effects of the rice water application on Solanum lycopersicum plants.
The average weight, absolute growth rate, and the dry weight are several
parameters that could show a plant’s growth performance. The absolute growth rate
(AGR) is the simplest index of plant growth, determining a rate of change in size of a
plant such as the plant’s weight, height, or total leaf area (Hunt, 1990). The dry weight
of a plant is the weight of the plant after removing its water content through drying (Dry
Weight, n.d.). Dry weight provides precise measurement of the plant’s biomass which
removes the differing water content between samples (Fresh Weight vs. Dry Weight,
2021). Dry weight refers to all the constituents of the plant except the water content,
making it a finer measurement to use than the raw fresh weight where the water content
is included (Biology Online, 2020).
All these studies on the effectiveness of rice water on various plants’ growth
showed varying results from one another. It is important to note that based on these
related studies, rice water has diverse effects on various animate and inanimate objects.
The contrasting ideas presented in the related studies might give off confusion and
unreliability on the knowledge about rice water. Determining the effectiveness of the
rice water on plants firsthand gives certain and reliable information that can be used for
future basis and purposes. Moreover, knowing the different usage and contents of rice
and rice water provides essential information in the present study, as this gives insights
on what could possibly be the contents and factors that could affect the growth of the
tomato plants.

16
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that are used in the study are the following: tomato seeds, soil,
pots, and the three different water types, namely the rice water, tap water, and distilled
water.
General Experimental Procedure
A total of thirty tomato plants were observed. Three different sets of sixty
tomato seeds are planted in pots. Each pot has been planted two seeds each, an inch
below the surface area of the soil. Each set of tomato plants are watered every other day
by different water types to their respective pots, the tap, distilled, and rice water. Plant
height, dry matter weight, and fresh matter weight are recorded throughout the
experiment to ensure significant findings. The length of the plant is noted down weekly
for eight consecutive weeks for transparency and recording purposes. Centimeters will
be used as the unit of measurement for the height of the plants. A comparison of each
batch’s growth of tomato plants will be conducted using the set parameters.
Planting
Thirty tomato plants are planted in the same place and soil type. The same brand
of tomato seeds are used in all the plants. The tomato plants are placed in a spot where
they would all equally receive the same amount of sunlight. The area for the experiment
has a roof and plastic covers to prevent rainwater from soaking the pots that could alter
the results of the experiment. The thirty plants are then be divided into three sets: set T,
set D and set R. Set T is watered with 40 ml of tap water. Set D is watered with 40 ml

17
of distilled water. Lastly, the set R is watered with 40 ml of rice water. During the fourth
and sixth week of the seedlings, the introduction of the fertilizer happened to boost the
growth of the plant. The fertilizer that is used is 18-46-0, and one tablespoon and one
liter of water are mixed to form the solution.
Water Treatments
The water type that are used on the plants in set T is tap water. It is the water
that comes from faucets in households. No additional chemicals are added to the tap
water. The water type for set D is distilled water. Distilled water are bought in stores,
particularly the Absolute Distilled water, and no additional chemicals are added. Only
one brand of distilled water is used throughout the experimental period to ensure no
errors or extraneous variables would affect the experiment.
The last water type that is for set R is the rice water. The rice water are obtained
by washing the rice before cooking. The ratio of the cups of water and cups of rice
being washed would be 1:1. Only the rice water obtained in the first washing of rice is
used throughout the experiment to ensure no variability in the rice water type.
Set-up
The study used the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in comparing
the effectiveness of rice watered plants to distilled water and tap watered plants. The
sets served as the “block” to easily determine the difference between each treatment.
All of the sets of tomato plants are watered daily with their corresponding water types.
The plant height is recorded weekly throughout the experiment period.

18
Absolute Growth Rate and Height
For the weekly recording of data gathering, the plant height is measured using
centimeters as the unit of measurement. The height of the plant is measured from the
surface area of the soil up to the highest point of the stem. Thirty plants are recorded
weekly throughout the duration of the experiment.
Calculation of the Fresh and Dry Weight
The fresh weights are measured by uprooting the plants from their respective
plants, and then measured by the use of the digital weighing scale. After pulling the
plants, it is washed to remove soil residue, pat dry to remove excess water, and placed
in the room to be air-dried. The dry weight of the plant is then measured.
Data Analysis
Central tendencies of each parameter of each setup are calculated to determine
basic statistical figures that represent the data set. The AGR of each plant sample is
calculated, followed by a one-way ANOVA analysis. The ANOVA test is used to
determine if there is any significant difference between the means of each treatment.
Pairwise comparison is followed up to determine similar growth performance among
the treatments. The ANOVA test determines which setups are closely similar to each
other. The results of these tests are used to analyze the effectiveness of introducing rice
water to plants.

19
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study was set out to observe and investigate the effect of the application of
rice water on Solanum lycopersicum plants through the comparison of its results with
the results of the two other water types: distilled and tap water. Gathering of the data
needed was done after eight (8) weeks of observation period.
Findings
An average height of 23.8 centimeters was recorded for rice-water treated plant
samples, 16.7 centimeters for tap-water treated samples, and 15.22 centimeters for
distilled-water treated samples. The rice-water treated plants recorded an average of
3.85 grams on their 8th week, with 1.16 grams for tap-water plants, and 1.67 grams for
distilled-water plants. The results showed that the highest data parameters were
gathered from the rice-water treatment while the lowest in the distilled-water
parameters as shown in Appendix I Table I.1.
In the fifth week of the observation period, one plant sample from the distilled-
water treatment group died, resulting in an unequal number of samples observed.
Shown in Appendix I Table I.2, are the central tendencies computed among the
three treatment groups. Overall mean fresh weight of the three treatments valued to 2.55
grams with the median fresh weight equivalent to 1.70 grams. The maximum recorded
fresh weight amounted to 10.20 grams belonging to the rice-water group while the
minimum weight belonging to both the tap-water and distilled-water group with a value
of 0.38 grams.
Additionally, the dry weight of the plants were measured with data summary
still on Appendix I Table I.1. The mean dry weight was ten times smaller than the fresh

20
weight amounting to 0.247 grams. Both the median and minimum dry weight values to
0 grams, the dried plants being light. The maximum dried weight recorded was 1.17
grams belonging to the rice water treatment group.
The Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) of each treatment group were computed
through the formula 𝐴𝐺𝑅 =
𝐻1−𝐻0
𝑇1−𝑇𝑜
where H1 and H0 are the height of the plant at week
8 and week 1, respectively while T1 - T0 are the time interval between the recorded
height used, as in this case amounts to seven (7) as the height used were from the week
8 and 1.
Computation of the mean Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) of each treatment group
was performed, resulting in 3.27 centimeters per week for the rice-water treated group,
2.3 centimeters per week for tap-water treated group, and 2.079 centimeters per week
for distilled-water treated group. A one-way ANOVA analysis was then conducted with
results showing a significant difference between the means of the absolute growth rate
of each treatment group, F(2, 29) = 4.706, p = 0.018.
Pairwise ANOVA was conducted to determine the distinctive group. Results
showed significant difference between the means of the rice-water and distilled-water
treatments (p = 0.0221) while no significant difference was present between the means
of the tap-water and distilled-water treatments (p = 0.8554). There was also no
significant difference between rice-water and tap-water treatments (p = 0.0624). These
results showed that both rice-water and distilled-water treated groups completely varied
from each other while the rice-water treated plants exhibit both characteristics of rice-
water and distilled-water plants. Shown in Appendix I Figure I.3 is a boxplot of the
Absolute Growth Rates of each treatment group, with the rice-water treatment group
having the highest mean value among all followed by the tap-water treated group.

21
The results obtained using ANOVA shows that the rice-water treated plants
grew the greatest among the three. The mean AGR of rice-water treated plants showed
significantly higher numbers compared to the distilled-water treated plants, but non-
significant when compared to the tap-water treated ones. However, even with the
insignificant result, the AGR boxplot in Appendix I.3 Figure I.3 presents that the rice-
water treatment leads this category, proving its growth performance better than the tap-
water and distilled-water.
Analysis on the variance in terms of plants’ dry weight bear insignificant results
between treatment groups. This indicates that the effect of the rice-water treatment is
limited only to/manifests in terms of the plant height, but not on its biomass. However,
even with the statistical insignificance, the highest measured dry weight was still in the
rice water group displaying its effect.
Observations
In the first week of the experiment, it was observed that all the seeds in the setup
of rice water have a visible stem, unlike the set-up of distilled and tap water which only
has seven and six seedlings, respectively. For the first few weeks, the germination of
the seedling was slow, but the difference between the lengths and amount of leaves
among the three setups can be visibly seen and having the rice water leading in terms
of the growth. In terms of the thickness of the stem, all thirty seedlings show a thin
branch. Upon the introduction of the fertilizer on the setup, the length from the previous
week, fifth week, and the week where the fertilizer was used, sixth week, was
immensely different. There was a fluctuation of growth of the seedling as well as the
thickness of the stem, but the difference in data measurements between treatments is
still distinctly dissimilar.

22
Summary
From the data and statistical analysis performed, plants treated with distilled
water grew the least in terms of the data parameters calculated, with the risk of casualty.
Rice water treated plants, on the other hand, grew the best among the three treatment
groups with the data results backing it up, proving its competence to be the best to use
when planting. Tap water treated plants manifest both characteristics of rice-water and
distilled-water treated plants, with little to no risk of casualty. With the data results
backing it up, using rice water as the watering agent for growing fruit crops is optimal
to use when planting to achieve substantial results.

23
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Previous studies that have been conducted regarding the increased growth
performance after the application of rice water aligns with the results obtained in the
present study. Statistical results indicate that the use of rice water as the watering agent
when growing Solanum lycopersicum effectively improves the height of the tomato
plants. Application of rice water mainly has an effect on the height of the plants whereas
further observation periods are recommended to see whether it has an effect on its
biomass. Comparison of the numerical values of each treatments’ central tendencies,
results in the rice water group containing the maxima values while the distilled water
containing the lowest, indicating their effectivity rank which can be described as rice
water > tap water > distilled water. Using tap water is still efficient enough when
growing tomato plants while the use of distilled water is the least recommended as
casualty could happen. However, further extensive studies on the effectivity of rice
water are recommended with longer observation period, comparison of the dry matter
production and distribution of the plant, increased plant samples, and varied plant crops
are conducted to efficiently come up a strong supporting evidences on the rice water
effectivity as well as, creating a general trend map on the its effect on various plant
types.

24
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Aguilar, F. V. Jr. (2005). Rice in the Filipino diet and culture. IDEAS Research Paper
Series. https://ideas.repec.org/p/phd/rpseri/rps_2008-03.html
Al-Amri, S. M. (2013). Improved growth, productivity and quality of tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants through application of shikimic acid. Saudi
Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(4), 339–345.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.03.002
Ai-hua, S., Shi-jiang, Z., Ya-fen, G., & Zhong-xue, Z. (2012). Jensen model
and modified Morgan model for rice water-fertilizer production
function. Procedia Engineering. 28. 264–269. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.0
1.717.
Athanasius, J. (2019, January 24). 8 Economic Importance of Tomatoes in Nigeria.
InfoGuideNigeria.Com. https://infoguidenigeria.com/economic-importance
-tomatoes-nigeria/
Basic Information about Water Reuse. (2022, January 24). US EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse
Binic, I., & Lazarevic, V., & Ljubenovic, M., & Mojsa, J., & Sokolovic, D.
(2013). Skin ageing: Natural weapons and strategies. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med. doi:10.1155/2013/827248.
Biology Online. (2020, June 25). Dry mass Definition and Examples - Biology Online
Dictionary. Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online.
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/dry-mass

25
Biotechinasia. (2016, May 16). Rice water helps in hair growth, research
confirms. Retrieved from https://biotechinasia.wordpress.com/2016/
05/25/rice-water-helps-in-hair-growth-research-confirms/
Bordey, F. (2011). The impacts of research on Philippine rice production.
Retrieved from https//www.researchgate.net/publication/43939636_
The_impacts_of_research_on_Philippine_rice_production
Burgess, L. (2018, November 21). What does rice water do for your hair.
Medical News Today. Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321353
Co, K. (2017, December 22). Cite evidences that will link into the
effectiveness of Rice wash into the plants? Can be the fermented rice
wash can be also be effective? Retrieved January 06, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Cite_evidences_that_will_link_
into_the_effectiveness_of_Rice_wash_into_the_plants_Can_be_the_
fermented_rice_wash_can_be_also_be_effective
Communications Team. (2018, February 15). How to make your own natural
fertilizer. Center for Sustainable Development. Retrieved January 10,
2021, from http://www.csdbahamas.org/news/2018/2/15/
how-to-make-your-own-effective-all-natural-fertilizer
De Paepe K, Hachem JP, Vanpee E, Roseeuw D, Rogiers V. (2002). Effect of
rice starch as a bath additive on the barrier function of healthy but
SLS-damaged skin and skin of atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol.

26
2002,82(3),184-6. doi: 10.1080/00015550260132460. PMID:
12353708.
DEP. (n.d.). Water Conservation. Department of Environmental Protection.
https://www.dep.pa.gov/Citizens/My-Water/WaterConservation/Pages/default.
aspx
Dry weight. (n.d.). Cactus Art. https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/
Dictionary_D/dictionary_dry_weight.htm
Dr. Kris. (2019). Rice water garden. Retrieved from
https://www.baliadvertiser.biz/rice-watering-garden/
Emily T. (2017, April 06). Is rinsing rice really required. The Chopping Block.
Retrieved from https://www.thechoppingblock.com/blog/is-rinsing-
rice-really-required#
Fresh Weight vs. Dry Weight. (2021, October 22). Hort Americas.
https://hortamericas.com/blog/fresh-weight-vs-dry-weight/
Hapsoh. (2019). Growth and pepper yields (Capsicum annuum L.) by giving
a formulation of biological fertilizer of cellulolytic bacteria based on
organic liquid waste. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1351.
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1351/1/012097
Heukelekian, H (1950, April 1). Treatment of rice water - characteristics and
laboratory study. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 4, 647–648.
doi:10.1021/ie50484a026

27
How to conserve water | The Wildlife Trusts. (n.d.). The Wildlife Trusts.
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/actions/how-conserve-water
Hunt, R. (1990). Absolute growth rates. SpringerLink.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-9117-
6_2?error=cookies _not_supported&code=e8a45cd1-7c3e-431d-ae86-
654b245d1ca8
Inamasu, S., Ikuyama R., Fujisaki Y., & Sugimoto, K. I. (2010, September
1). Abstracts: The effect of rinse water obtained from the washing of
rice (YU‐SU‐RU) as a hair treatment. Journal of Cosmetic Chemists, 44.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00605_3.x
Infoagro. (n.d.). Tomato growing (Part I). Agriculture. infoAgro.Com.
http://agriculture.infoagro.com/crops/tomato-growing--part-i-/
Jordan, E. (2015, July 28). Hugas bigas. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/272805490/Hugas-Bigas
Layaoen, M. (2020, May 12). Rice supply adequate for 2020. Rice supply
adequate for 2020. https://www.da.gov.ph/rice-supply-adequate-for-
2020/.
Marto, J., Neves, Â., Gonçalves, L., Pinto, P., Almeida, C., & Simões, S.
(2018). Rice water: A traditional ingredient with anti-aging efficacy.
Cosmetics 2018. 5. 26. 10.3390/cosmetics5020026.
Miranda, Y. (2018, October 11). Six beauty benefits of using rice water. Eve.
Retrieved from https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/
2001298701/six-beauty-benefits-of-using-rice-water

28
Morse, R. G. (2019. January 18). Does washing your face with rice water
help your skin? healthline. Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/rice-water-for-skin
Noviyanty, A., & Salingkat, C. A. (2018). The effect of
application of rice dishwater and manure as organic fertilizer to
the growth of mustard (Brassica Juncea L.). Agroland : The Agriculture
Science Journal. 2, 74-82. http://jurnal.untad.ac.id/jurnal/index.php
/AgrolandInternational/article/download/11974/9238
Passam, H., Karapanos, I., Bebeli, P., & Savvas, D. (2007). A review of recent
research on tomato nutrition, breeding and post-harvest technology
with reference to fruit quality. The European Journal of Plant Science
and Biotechnology. 1.
PCAARRD. (n.d.). Profitability analysis: 1-ha organic tomato production.
Retrieved from http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/publications/
index.php/component/virtuemart/profitability-analysis/
tnutegzmiagkiyllsvxb-detail?Itemid=0
Pramod Kumar, V. C. (2018, November 29). Keep some rice water
(Kanjivellam); Save your vegetables from pests. Mathrubhumi.
https://english.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/
organic-farming/keep-some-rice-water-kanjivellam-save-your-vegeta
bles-from-pests--1.3351013#
Quinet, M., Angosto, T., Yuste-Lisbona, F. J., Blanchard-Gros, R., Bigot, S.,
Martinez, J., & Lutts, S. (2019). Tomato fruit

29
development and metabolism. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10, 1554.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01554
Renna, M., Durante, M., Gonnella, M., Buttaro, D., D’Imperio, M., Mita, G., & Serio,
F. (2018). Quality and Nutritional Evaluation of Regina Tomato, a Traditional
Long-Storage Landrace of Puglia (Southern Italy). Agriculture, 8(6), 83.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8060083
Sanchez, A. U., Quirao, H. A. C., Morales, L., & Marcelo, M. P. (2015). The effect of
different types of waste waters in the
growth of pechay (Brassica chinensis). Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/24659693/The_Effect_of_Different_Types
_of_Waste_Waters_in_the_Growth_of_Pechay_Brassica_chinensis_
Sargen, M. (2019, September 26). Biological Roles of Water: Why is water necessary
for life? Science in the News. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/uncategorized/2019
/biological-roles-of-water-why-is-water-necessary-for-life/
Schwarz, D., Thompson, A., & Kläring, H. (2014).
Guidelines to use tomato in experiments with a controlled
environment. Frontiers in plant science.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00625
Seattle, B. B. (2017, April 5). How to turn rinsed rice water into liquid gold
for your plants. Retrieved from http://seattlegardenfruit.blogspot.com
/2017/04/how-to-turn-rinsed-rice-water-into.html

30
Sidhu, V., Nandwani, D., Wang, L., & Wu, Y. (2017, December 10). A Study on
Organic Tomatoes: Effect of a Biostimulator on Phytochemical and
Antioxidant Activities. Hindawi Journal of Food Quality.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5020742
Syuhaibah, S. A. (2017). Use of washed rice water as a fertilizer.
(Unpublished Bachelor’s final year report). Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang. Retrieved from
http://www.christopherteh.com/blog/2017/11/washed-rice-water/
Teh Boon Sung, C. (2017, November 16). Is watering our houseplants with
washed rice water really that effective? Here’s the scientific evidence.
Retrieved from
http://www.christopherteh.com/blog/2017/11/washed-rice-water/
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). tomato | Description, Cultivation, &
History. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato
Tibao, N. Y. (n.d.). Why does the Philippines import rice: A solution to the
rice shortage. National Chung Hsing University. https://www.nodai.ac.j
p/cip/iss/english/9th_iss/fullpaper/1-1-5nchu-tibao.pdf
tomato. (n.d.). The Merriam-Webster.Com Dictionary.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tomato
Tomatoes. (2021, November). Agricultural Marketing Resource Center.
https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/tomatoes
UNICEF. (n.d.). Water scarcity. https://www.unicef.org/wash/water-scarcity

31
Ware, M. (2017, September 25). Everything you need to know about
tomatoes. Medical News Today. Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/273031
Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF. (n.d.). World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved February 1,
2022, from https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity
Water Science School. (2018, June 6). How Much Water is There on Earth? | U.S.
Geological Survey. USGS, Science for a Changing World.
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science
/how-much-water-there-earth
Westlake, M. (2019, February 12). Rice, rice, baby: The global importance of
rice. KEW. Retrieved from
https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/the-importance-of-rice#
What is Water? | AMNH. (n.d.). American Museum of Natural History.
https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/water/what-is-water
What Is Water Conservation? (n.d.). Constellation.
https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/water-conservation-tips0.html
WPTC Crop situation as of 3 July 2020 - Tomato News. (2020, July 6). Tomato News.
https://www.tomatonews.com/en/wptc-crop-situation-as-of-3-july
-2020_2_1072.html

32
APPENDIX A
SET-UP
Figure A.1. Set-up area in Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan City. (Photo taken
on September 20, 2021.)

33
APPENDIX B
MATERIALS USED
Figure B.1. Tomato seed brand Diamante Max F1 (Photo taken on September 20,
2021.)
Figure B.2. Pure Soil (Photo taken on September 20, 2021)

34
Figure B.3. Tap Water from Nawasa (Photo taken on September 20, 2021)
Figure B.4. Distilled Water from the brand Absolute (Photo taken on September 20,
2021)

35
Figure B.5. Rice Water from the first wash of the rice Princess Bea (Photo taken on
September 20, 2021)

36
APPENDIX C
IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS ON ITS 8TH WEEK
I
Figure C.1. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on tap water treatment (Photo
taken on November 15e, 2021.)

37
Figure C.2. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on distilled water treatment
(Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

39
Figure C.3. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on rice water treatment (Photo
taken on November 15, 2021)

40
APPENDIX D
IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS WEIGHED ON ITS 8TH WEEK
Figure D.1. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on tap water treatment

41
Figure D.2. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on distilled water
treatment (Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

42
Figure D.3. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on rice water treatment

43
APPENDIX E
IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS AFTER DRYING

44
Figure E.1. Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment after drying (Photo taken
on November 22, 2021)

45
Figure E.2. Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment after drying (Photo

46
Figure E.3. Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment after drying (Photo

47
APPENDIX F
IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS WEIGHED AFTER DRYING
Figure F.1. Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment weighed after drying

48
Figure F.2. Images of the tomato plants om distilled water treatment weighed after
drying (Photo taken on November 22, 2021)

49
Figure F.3. Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment weighed after drying

50
APPENDIX G
RAW DATA TABLE OF THE WEEKLY GROWTH OF THE PLANT’S
HEIGHT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Week 2 3 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 3.5 3 3 3.5
Week 3 4 4.5 4.5 3.5 4 3 4.5 4 4.5 4
Week 4 5.5 5 5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 6.5 5.5
Week 5 7 6 8.5 7.5 6 6 6 11.5 13 10
Week 6 10 6.5 10 11 7 7 6 15 17 14
Week 7 13 11 12.5 15.5 8 7.5 9.5 15 25 15.5
Week 8 19 17 14 21 10 9 12 18 30 17
Table G.1. Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on tap water in
centimeters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Week 2 4 4 3 3 3.5 2.5 3.5 2 3.5 3
Week 3 4 5 5 4 5 3.5 4.5 3 5 3.5
Week 4 0
(dea
d)
5.5 5 5 6.5 4 5 4.5 5 5
Week 5 - 7 7 6 7.5 5.5 6 6.5 6 10
Week 6 - 8 7.5 7 10 7 7.5 7 7 17
Week 7 - 15 8 10 12.5 12 11 12 10 24
Week 8 - 20 9 13 14 15 13 13 13 27
Table G.2. Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on distilled water in
centimeters

51
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Week 2 3.5 3.5 5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 3 5
Week 3 5 4 6 4 5.5 4 5 5 4 6
Week 4 7 7 7 4.5 6 5 5 5 6 8
Week 5 13 14.5 8.5 6 8.5 10.5 8 5 7.5 14.5
Week 6 17 17 10 9 14.5 14 10 5 10 17
Week 7 23 30 17 14 24 17 22 10 17 25
Week 8 28 38 20 19 27 21 25 12 20 28
Table G.3. Table of the weekly Height of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in
centimeters

52
APPENDIX H
RAW DATA TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF THE TOMATO PLANTS FRESH
AND DRY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weight 1.16 1.00 1.42 3.95 0.58 0.38 1.09 2.34 6.40 2.09
Dry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0
Table H.1. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on tap water treatment in grams
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weight - 4.24 0.38 1.03 1.08 1.06 0.68 1.13 0.91 4.55
Dry - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6
Table H.2. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment in grams
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fresh 3.3 10.2 2.8 1.7 6.06 2.66 3.37 0.8 1.94 5.64
Dry 0.43 1.17 0.26 0.30 0.80 0.29 0.34 0.0 0.0 0.70
Table H.3. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in grams

53
APPENDIX I
TABLES AND BOXPLOTS FOR THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Treatment
Average Parameters
Week 8
Height
(cm)
Week 8 Fresh
Weight
(grams)
Dry
Weight
(grams)
Number of
Samples
Distilled Water 15.22 1.673 0.122 9
Tap Water 16.7 1.16 0.18 10
Rice Water 23.8 3.847 0.429 10
Table I.1. Mean statistics for the treatments and parameters
Weight Type Mean Weight Median
Weight
Maximum
Weight
Minimum
Weight
Fresh Weight 2.55 g 1.70 g 10.20 g 0.38 g
Dry Weight 0.2479 g 0.00 g 1.17 g 0.00 g
Table I.2. Overall Central Tendencies of the Treatments

54
Figure I.3. Boxplot of the treatments’ Absolute Growth Rates
df Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Value p-value
Treatments 2 7.615 3.808 4.706 0.018
Residuals 26 21.035 0.809
Table I.4. One-Way ANOVA analysis on the AGR of the treatments
View publication stats

LantudMacalaboTan-EffectsofRiceWateronSolanumlycopersicum.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to LantudMacalaboTan-EffectsofRiceWateronSolanumlycopersicum.pdf

Similar to LantudMacalaboTan-EffectsofRiceWateronSolanumlycopersicum.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

LantudMacalaboTan-EffectsofRiceWateronSolanumlycopersicum.pdf