history government

2. Constitutional Monarchy

3. After Kamehameha
• 1819 Abandon the kapu system (for chiefs)
• 1820 Arrival of missionaries
• Conversion, Education
• Missionaries were instructed to keep out of politics
but get called in as advisors
• Government effectively under Kamehameha’s
favorite wife, Ka’ahumanu

4. Missionaries and their impact

5. Religion in the Early Monarchy
• Most chiefs wish to convert to favored
Congregational Church
• Missionaries stress education first
• Roman Catholics suppressed; priests banished and
followers persecuted

6. Sandwich Island Mission
Hawaiian Members
1825 10
1832 537
1835 749
1840 18,451
1850 21,738
1856 23,652
Note: Church membership required literacy

7. 1822 First Book
published in Hawai'i
Not in Hawaiian

8. Schools – Mission Figures
Schools Pupils Read Write
Male Femal
e
1828 225 5,000 5,200 6,000 1,000
1834 900 50,000 17,000 NA

9. Lahainaluna High School (Seminary)
1831 Founded as a school to train male teachers
1844 Train legislators, judges, secretaries, government
agents and furnish clergymen, lawyers, and physicians
1834 Site of press for
printing Bibles and
the first newspaper

10. Schools for the Elite
1839 Chiefs' Children's School
(1846 Royal School)
Run by Amos Starr and
Juliette Cooke
1850 Opened to public
Second Royal School, 1857

11. Schools for the Elite
1841 Punahoe School, Daniel Dole, Principal
(1853, Oahu College; 1934 Punahoe School)

12. 1840 Females and Education
(part of tax laws)
This is the appropriate business of all the females of
these islands;
to teach the children to read, cipher, and write, and other
branches of learning,
to subject the children to good parental and school laws,
to guide the children to right behavior, and
[to] place them in schools, that they may do better than their
parents.

13. 1841 School Law
• Set up school committees to hire teachers
• School attendance from 4 to 14
• Punishment for parents of truants under 8
• Public labor for truants over 8
– Children should work on teacher’s land
– Children when at school are required to be quiet, and
listen to the instruction of the teacher. But if any one is
mischievous, the teacher shall be allowed to administer to
him proper correction, but not improper.

14. Betsey Stockton
• Freed slave of President
of Princeton
• Asked to join student in
Hawaii in 1823
• Teacher of commoners
at Lahaina, Maui until
1825.

15. Catholics in Hawai'i
1827 First Catholic missionaries arrive (3 priests, 2
brothers)
1830 Ka’ahmanu orders Hawaiians to attend Mission
services
1831 Catholic priests expelled

16. Catholics Return
1837 Priests readmitted through British intervention on
behalf of an Irish immigrant
1843
Cathedral

17. New Kapus
1825 Ali‘i proclaim a kapu forbidding women from
traveling to foreign ships in order to engage in the sex
trade
– The kapu is endorsed by Ka‘ahumanu making it applicable
throughout the kingdom
1827 Ka’ahumanu, with missionary Hiram Bingham,
drafts kapus against murder, theft, adultery,
prostitution, gambling, and the sale of alcohol.
– Only the first three are initially accepted.

18. Opposition to kapu on the sex trade
1826 U.S.S. Dolphin, under
Lieutenant John “Mad Jack”
Percival enters Honolulu harbor
Argues with the chiefs over kapu
on women
Percival blames missionaries
Rebuffed, his crew attacks
missionaries and natives
Under threat from Percival kapu is
lifted for the remainder of the
Dolphin’s stay in port

19. Kamehameha II and party in London

20. The Monarchy
1825 Kamehameha II dies in London; his younger
brother assumes the throne as Kamehameha III
1832 Kaʻahumanu dies
• After an initial rebellion against the new laws
Kauikeaou (Kamehameha III) begins to seek more
advanced Western ideas of governance.
.

21. Modernized Government
• Adopt a Constitution
• Obtain recognition from Western powers

22. 1826 US-Hawaii Relations
• Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones and the
Peacock sent to Hawaii by US Navy to:
– Deal with deserters from US whaling ships
– Deal with debts to US merchants
• Treaty of peace and friendship, neutrality, protection
of damaged ships, most favored nation clause on
duties and port fees
• Endorsed in 1829 by Samuel Southard, Sec. of Navy
• Not submitted to the US Senate and ratified by US

23. Foreigners, Government and Land

24. Missionaries (?), Land and Sugar
Mentioned in video
• Claus Spreckels, German immigrant who developed a
sugar importing business in California; Hawaiian
plantations after 1875
• Castle and Cooke (part of Sugar Trust)
– Missionaries functioning as supply agents; Cooke ran the
Chief’s Children’s School
• Sanford Dole, son of missionaries, involved in
overthrow but did not own plantations; James Dole
arrived in 1899 and started a pineapple plantation

25. Some new 21st century landowners
• Larry Ellison (Oracle) 98% of Lanai
• Steve Case (AOL) ~11% of Kauai
• Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) ~700 acres in Kauai
(Conflict with kuleana rights)
• Note: Niʻihau totally owned by Robinson family since
1864

26. Constitutional Rights
1839 Declaration of Rights
 life, limb, liberty, freedom from oppression; the earnings
of his hands and the productions of his mind
1852, 1864 Constitutions
 life and liberty, the right of acquiring, possessing and
protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety
and happiness

27. 1840 Constitution
• Religious basis for Hawaiian law
• Three branches of government but not completely
separate
• Two houses: Nobles and representatives
– Nobles are hereditary

28. Cabinet
• Gerrit P. Judd, Foreign Affairs, Interior, Finance
• Robert Wyllie, Foreign Affairs
• John Young, II., Interior
• William Richards, Public Instruction
• John Ricord, Attorney General
• What is missing?

29. 1840 House of Nobles
• Four native women
• Nine native men
• One Hawaiian-English man (John Young, II, known as
Keoni Ana)

30. 1851 House of Representatives
• First directly elected
• Total voters ~27,800 (only 800 foreign men on
islands)
• Representatives
– Seven out of 24 are white
• Legislature operates more through committees

31. Legal Changes under Constitutional
Monarchy
1846 Introduction of coverture
(US until Kirchberg v. Feenstra (1981))
1848 Great Mahele distributed land to the Crown,
chiefs and commoners
1850 Kuleana Act spelled out ownership and allowed
commoners to petition for title to land they lived on
and farmed
1850 Land Ownership Act allowed not-naturalized
foreigners to own land

32. Land “Great Mahele”
• Distribution of land
• Guaranteed rights to property supersede common
use
• Formal procedure to claim land
– Poorly understood by many commoners
– Subsistence farming difficult

33. Land Distribution
600,000 acres sold by 1893 (at ~92 cents per acre.)
Most sales to Native Hawaiians
Most acreage went to Westerners.
Before 1864, over 320,000 acres were sold to 213
Westerners.
1865 The island of Niihau, over 61,000 acres, was sold to one
Western entrepreneur.
Lease of Crown and Government lands to Westerner
By 1890, 76 lessees controlled 752,431 acres

34. Cheating
1865 Joseph H. Morrison measured the dimensions of
anahupuaa of almost 50,000 acres, reported to the
Hawaiian owner that it was only 1,200 acres, and then
purchased it for $600. [Later overturned by court]
However imprudent sales are upheld.
Users of kuleana (small plots distributed to those
previously responsible for the land) were frequently
harassed by the illegal diversion of water and by
foraging cattle from large ranches.

35. 1852 Constitution
• Greater separation of powers
• Representatives meet separately

36. Timoteo Haʻalilio (1808-44)
Attended first missionary school and
then Lahainaluna School
Secretary of Kamehameha III
1841 One of first members of the
House of Nobles
Founded Hawaiian Historical Society
1842 Foreign representative, seeking
international recognition

37. William Richards (1793-1847)
1823 Second company of missionaries
1838 Resigns from mission to become translator for
Kamehameha III
Asked to find a lawyer to help draft a code of law; takes
on the task himself and drafts Declaration of Rights
with aid of Hawaiian graduates of Lahainaluna School
Accompanies Ha’allieo on mission to abroad

38. 1843 Lord George Paulet, Carysfort
Meanwhile, back in Honolulu, Paulet at the behest of
the British consul makes demands:
• Reparations for wrongs against British (consul)
• The immediate adoption of firm steps to arrange
matters in dispute between British subjects and
natives, by jury trial—one half the jury to be
approved by the Consul

39. Paulet
2/25 Under threat by Paulet to fire on the city,
Kamehameha III cedes the country to Paulet
• Paulet raises the British flag as symbol of British
protection for Hawaii
• Government
– For natives, present government
– For foreign affairs, commission, consisting of Kamehameha
III, or a deputy appointed by him, and also the Right
Honorable Lord George Paulet, Duncan Forbes Mackay,
Esq., and Lieutenant Frere, R.N.

40. Protests
• Hawaiian merchant sent as an envoy to Washington
and London (Paulet had closed the port)
• Gets strong support from Daniel Webster who says
that if Hawaii’s rights are not restored “we will make
a fuss.”
• Meets in London with Richards, Ha’alilio

41. Restoration
7/11 Commodore Lawrence Kearny, USS Constitution
protests the cession and the commission; joined by USS
United States
7/26 Rear Admiral Thomas arrives on HMS Dublin and
on 7/31 ends British occupation and restores the
monarchy to Kamehameha III

42. Recognition
US (Tyler doctrine)
Leopold of Belgium promises to get them
an audience in London. Sir George
Simpson of the Hudson Bay Co, also
intercedes
Favorable reception in France
UK (Lord Aberdeen) asks for equal
treatment and reversal of (alleged) harsh
treatment of Britons
Joint Anglo-French statement of
recognition (used to argue against US
exclusive use of Pearl Harbor before 1898)
In Paris 1843

43. The United States . . . are more interested in the fate
of the islands and of their government than any other
nation can be; and this consideration induces the
President to be quite willing to declare, as the sense of
the Government of the United States, that the
Government of the Sandwich Islands ought to be
respected; that no Power ought either to take
possession of the islands as a conquest, or for the
purpose of colonization; and that no Power ought to
seek for any undue control over the existing
government, or any exclusive privileges or preferences
with it in matters of commerce.
Daniel Webster, Secretary of State

44. Further Treaties of Friendship and
Recognition
Kamehameha III
– 1846 Denmark
– 1846 US
(Formal recognition
from John C. Calhoun)
– 1848 Hamburg
– 1851 Bremen
– 1851 UK
Kamehameha IV
– 1855 Sweden and
Norway
– 1857 France
– 1862 Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxemburg
– 1863 Italy

45. 1849 French Attack
• French Admiral Louis Tromelin arrives in Honolulu
– Angered by past attacks on Catholics
– Angered by duties on French products
– Makes demands for compensation, governmental changes
• Failing to get an answer
– Attacks abandoned Honolulu fort
– Raids and sacks government and private properties in
Honolulu
– Leaves with King’s yacht

46. 1849 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation with US
• Negotiated by John M. Clayton, Secretary of State
under Zachary Taylor and James Jackson Jarves for
Hawaii
• Most favored nation with regard to duties and tariffs
• Free use of ports by mail boats
• Whalers may stop for ‘refitment and refreshment’ at
Hilo, Kealakekua and Hanalei (Kauai) in addition to
the merchant ports of Honolulu and Lahaina

47. 1849 Treaty
 Right to travel in each country and to own property
 Extradition for charges of of ‘murder, piracy, arson,
robbery, forgery or the utterance of forged paper’
 Religious toleration; right of Hawaii to control its own
schools
 Protection for shipwrecked property
 Regular mail between the countries
Independence of Hawai’i and its importance to the US
recognized by President Fillmore in his 2nd annual
address to Congress

48. US Protectorate or State?
• 1851 Broach temporary cession to the US for
protection in times of emergency
• 1853 Threat of overthrow by filibusters from CA
– Idea of annexation supported by some merchants
– Idea opposed by clergy, British and French residents
• Negotiations continue with US representative to
enter as a state but are terminated by death of
Kamehameha III and accession of Alexander Liholiho
as Kamehameha IV and the offer of help by British
and French naval officers.

49. Wylle, Foreign Affairs
" Our Constitution, our laws and our land tenure are vastly
improved, .., the administration of Justice compares
favorably with that of California or any of the South
Western States, education is more generally diffused that it
is in many old nations ….'"
Yet all these advantages and ameliorations go for nothing
against the secret machinations and agitation of wretches
whose loyalty, whose conscience and whose religion are at
the bottom of their pockets, …Yet looking to the King's
safety, and the absence of all physical force to insure it, we
have yet to take things as they are, not as they ought to be.

50. Other Issues
• 1852 Constitution on slavery
• British warning that Hawai'i was south of 36°30’
• Previous ill-treatment of Hawaiians in the US

51. Chinese in Hawai’i
• Earliest arrivals were crew members on British and
American ships
• Later arrivals were involved in early attempts to
establish a sugar industry but primarily in retail trade
• Largest group were brought in by contractors for
plantation work (coolies)

52. Origins of Chinese in Hawaii

53. Tin-Yuke Char and Wai-Jane Char, “The First Chinese Contract
Laborers to Hawaii, ” Hawaiian journal of History 9(1975):128–134

54. Origins within Guangdong
• Most from Zhongshan
黃小平. "The Political Life of the Chinese in Hawaii, 1850s-1911." Chung-Hsing Journal of History (1993)
.NORDYKE, ELEANOR C., and RICHARD KC LEE. "The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic
Perspective." Hawaiian Journal of History 23 (1989): 196.

55. Settlers
• Generally learned Hawaiian and used it as a lingua
franca
• Often married native Hawaiians
– Ancestry of late Senator Daniel Kahikina Akaka

56. Chinese Merchants

57. Retailers Listed in Honolulu Directory
• Fruit shops
• Teas shops
• Dry goods
• Chinese drug store

59. Chun Fong (Afong)
1849 Arrived in Hawai’i
1857 Married a member of
Hawaiian nobility
Commercial representative
for China
1879 Member, Privy Council
1888 Largest shareholder in
Peepeekeo Plantation near
Hilo.
1890 Retired to China
Robert Paul Dye, “Merchant Prince: Chun Afong in Hawai‘i, 1849–90,” Chinese America: History &
Perspectives – The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America (San Francisco: Chinese Historical
Society of America with UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 2010), pages 23–36

60. 1869 Chinese Population
Single
males
Chinese
Couples
Chinese-Hawaiian
Couples
1010 70 121
Children 40 167

61. German Merchant

62. Changing Economy
• Supply station for whalers
• 1849 Supplier of produce to California
• Conversion of land to sugar
• 1859 Whaling industry mostly gone.
– What happened?
– Why blame Pennsylvania?

63. Population Decline
• 1832 130,313;
• 1836 108,579;
• 1850, 84,165, 1962 foreigners, ~100 Chinese.
Causes
– High death rates from introduced diseases; particularly
infant deaths from venereal disease
– Movement of young people, both men and women, into
the port towns of Honolulu and Lahaina,
– Out migration of Hawaiian males on ships

64. Chinese Contract Labor 19th C.
(wikimedia and Hawaii public radio)