Digital transformation and the concept of a 'virtual world' was a topic of interest in the 1990s. The Australian Defence Organisation conducted a number of major capability studies in the mid 1990s including the Environmental and Geographic Information Capability Study. Following on from that I presented this presentation.

1. Without maps and charts, civilisation could not have progressed!
Without geospatial information and imagery, decision support systems cannot function!
The
Future Defence
Geospatial Environment
From maps to a virtual world
a presentation by
Dr R.J.Williams
Information Technology Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation
2000

2. 2000
2010
2005
2020
SEA 1430 Phase 1
PARARE Phase 1
Project Johnson
JP2064
PARARE Phase 2B
• A Virtual World
Intelligent systems
Authority
Intelligence
Resource & asset
management
Command
Support
Surveillance
Command
• Knowledge-based systems
as an integral part of the C2 capability
PARARE Phase 2A
Project Toposs
• Legacy
Repositories of digital data in various forms and formats
Warehouses of maps and charts
Paper-based libraries, catalogues and directories
Limited acquisition and surveying capability
• Major capability deficiency
Defence Planning and Operations
ADO
MGI ASDI
www
ADO
Users
• Geospatial information infrastructure
Source
acquisition
Imagery
preparation
Data
extraction
Product
construction
Distribution
Database
management
• Single service/agency GIS systems
EGICS
From the current legacy to the virtual world
1973
1976
1975
1984
Early digitisation
Digital mapping prototype
Automap 1
Automap 2
1968
1967
Early analytical photogrammetry
Surveying by airborne trilateration techniques

3. Other Data Sources
Imagery
Non-imagery
Data Acquisition
Readiness assessment
Common Operational Picture
Mission Specific Views
Interoperability
Information Applications
Framework Information
Framework Services
Interfaces
Information Management and
Dissemination
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
Co-production
Geo Support Capability
DTA
RAN HYDRO - other
RAAF AIS
Information Production
Needs assessment
Area Requirements
Crisis Support
Mission Profiles
Requirements Management
Technical assessment
Value
Add
Planning and
operational needs
-National security
-Planning
-Surveillance
-Operations
-National defence
-Special operations
-Obligations
An operational architecture to achieve a Geospatial Information Infrastructure

4. Scientific Adviser Team
• Geomatics (science and technology)
• National initiatives
• Multi-national initiatives
• Interface with academia and industry
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
DIE and C4ISR
Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Acquisition
Compilation
Production
Data management
Civilian
GI Agencies
ASDI
Australian National
Spatial Data
Infrastructure
Defence Planning and Operational
needs assessment
access
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
User community
Clearinghouse
Coalition
Agencies
Training
establishments
Deployable
MGI
Sections
The 2005 goal - A Geospatial Information Infrastructure

5. DIGEST
Digital Geographic Information
Exchange Standard
United States Imagery
and
Geospatial Information Service
USIGS
Defense Modeling
and
Simulation Office
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Improvement of user services
Help Desk advice
• MC&G S&T topics
• Library services
• Environmental analysis
• Operational analysis
• Modelling and simulation
• et cetera
?
Interoperability
via
conformance
Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
Command, control and communications
Navigation and guidance
Targeting and weapons employment
Mobility and manoeuvre
Health and survival
Electronic library
• Illustrated atlases
• Infrastructure directories
CD-ROM
Needs assessment
through
e-Business
strategies

6. Needs assessment
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
Parare
The Next Generation
Defining requirements based on needs and readiness
assessment of the scope of Military Activities,
activities that are related to:
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• Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
• Command, control and communications
• Targeting and weapons employment
• Navigation and guidance
• Mobility and manoeuvre
• Health and survival
Are your activities or applications concerned with:
Environmental Analysis
 Avenues of approach
 Critical link analysis
 Cross-country movement
 Fording analysis
 Intervisibility analysis
 Terrain modelling
 Weapon ballistics
Base Operations
 Facilities management
 Environmental applications
 Range management
 Training management
 Water and food resources
 Medical facilities
 Airfield defence
Intelligence
 Situation Monitoring
 Geographic information
 Target analysis
 Weapon production tracking
 Image management
 Counter terrorism
Command Support
 Situation monitoring
 Situation display & briefing
 Simulation
Mission Planning
 Integrated theatre planning
 Invasion planning
 Evacuation planning
 Targeting
 Trajectory modelling
 Missile support
Operational Planning
 Battlefield management
 Battlefield systems
 Division planning
 Landing and beach operations
 Logistics
 Mine warfare
 Simulation
 Special force operations
Navigation
 Air navigation
 Air traffic control
 Land navigation
 Ocean surface navigation
 Ocean subsurface navigation
On the modern day battlefield, everything is spatially related and, if you don’t understand the relationships, you will never win the war!
Are your resolution and accuracy requirements at the:
Strategic level
Operational level
Tactical level
Focal area level
Target level
Is your purpose for:
Situation awareness and visualisation
Operational planning and rehearsal
Precision force
Modelling and simulation
Operational analysis

7. Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
?
• MC&G S&T topics
• Library services
• Environmental analysis
• Operational analysis
• Modelling and simulation
• et cetera
RAN Hydrographic Service DIGEST Product
VMap Level 1
- Background Display Dataset (BDD) -
Boundaries
Population
Transportation
Industry
Utilities
Hydrography
Physiography
Elevation
Vegetation
Data quality
Scientific Advice
Training
Services
Products
Science and technology topics
Electronic Help Desk
Parare
The Next Generation

8. CD-ROM
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
Links to
Owners and
operators
Airfield
infrastructure
Prototypes … …
Location
Profile TOWNSVILLE AIRPORT
Intended use: Transport & Logistics
Tactical ops (Level 2)
Aero info
RAAF AIS
Phone 03 9282 6924
User profile Region / location identification Purpose of use and resolution / precision
Accrediting authority
Links to government / commercial WWW sites Links to directories / databases
• MC&G S&T topics
• Library services
• Environmental analysis
• Operational analysis
• Modelling and simulation
• et cetera
• Illustrated atlases
• Infrastructure
directories
Electronic Help Desk
Parare
The Next Generation
Note: The following slides are for DEMONSTRATION OF CONCEPT PURPOSES only
and may, or may not, represent the actual status of information, or sources

9. Location
Profile PORT OF TOWNSVILLE
Intended use: Operational planning
Infrastructure (Level 1)
CALTEX Australia Limited
Terminal 07 4771 4071
SHELL Australia Limited
Herbert St 07 4746 3135
Gogas Emergency Line 1800 802 666
Mobil Oil Australia Limited
Emergencies 1800 023 005
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
Regional
Harbour
Master
The Port of Townsville has 8 operational berths.
No. 1 Berth (isolated) is used exclusively by tankers for
bulk oil, gas and sulphuric acid discharge and by all type of vessels for distillate bunkering.
No. 2 Berth is used for unloading nickel ore, it is equiped with an ore unloading gantry crane.
No. 3 Berth is leased to M.I.M Holdings Ltd, it has a container gantry crane with a lift capacity of 55.9 tonnes, maximum height
of lift above wharf deck is 27 meters. The crane traverses the full length of theberth, except for a length of rail occupied by a
25.4 tonne, 32 metre radius, travelling jib crane for container and unit load handling.
No. 4 Berth has a landing pad, supported by steel piling, to service stern angle ramp RORO vessels. The molasses pipeline to
this berth is capable of loading up to 400 tonnes / hour. The berth has been upgraded to import bulk cement and is also
equipped with pipelines for the import of caustic soda.
No. 7 Berth supports a bulk shiploader for mineral concentrates, phosphate rock and ores up to 102mm aggregate at the rate of
1,000 tonnes / hour. This berth is also equipped with bulk molasses and bunker pipeline.
No. 8 Berth services the export frozen beef trade with cargoes drawn from freezer stores adjacent to the port. It also serves as
a general purpose berth with scrap metal, fertiliser and frozen meat being handled over this wharf. The berth is equipped with a
stationary 25 tonne, 30 metre radius, 400 HLT crane.
No. 9 Berth is the raw sugar loading berth. A bulk shiploader delivers sugar to carriers at the rate of 2000 tonnes / hour. The
berth is also equipped with a bunker and molasses pipeline.
No. 10 Berth is a general purpose berth equipped with a 30 tonne crane with a 32 metre maximum radius. A stern RORO ramp
is also available.
Storage facilities at the Port of Townsville
Oil All major oil companies operate
terminals in close proximity to the port.
Raw Sugar Two storage sheds of 285,000 tonnes
total capacity.
Molasses Four bulk storage tanks of 35,000
tonnes total capacity.
Concentrates 170,000 tonnes covered storage
area.
Cement One 30,000 tonne bulk cement storage
silo.
Chemicals Two sulphuric acid storage tanks of
17,000 tonnes total capacity.
LP Gas Five LPG storage tanks with a total
capacity of 1,250 tonnes
Townsville is located on the north eastern coast of Queensland, 550 kilometres north of the Tropic of Capricorn and
2,300 kilometres south of the equator. Townsville lies 1,500 kilometres north of the State Capital Brisbane.
A prosperous coastal city, Townsville has a culturally diverse population of around 130,000 and a sound economy
built upon mining, manufacturing, industry, tourism and transportation. This, together with the concentration of
educational, administrative, cultural, commercial and industrial services has ensured that Townsville is, and will
remain, both the largest provincial city in Queensland and the Capital of North Queensland.

10. Location
Profile PORT OF TOWNSVILLE
Intended use: Transport & Logistics
Tactical ops (Level 2)
Road access
Port authority
Townsville Port Authority
Phone 07 4790 2111
Hydrographic info
RAN Hydrographic Service
Phone 02 4221 8500
Berth 1
Petroleum products
One 150mm pipeline
Two 300mm pipelines
Storage capacity - 165,000 tonnes
LPG
One 250mm pipeline
Storage capacity - 1,250 tonnes
Berth 2
General cargo
One travelling jib crane
Berth 3
One travelling gantry container crane
Heavy lift capacity - 56 tonnes
Storage area - 2.8ha
Roll-on / roll-off
Stern ramp available
Berth 6
General cargo
LPG Depot
CALTEX Depot
SHELL Depot
MOBIL Depot
S19 15
E146
50
Berth 10
Containers
Mobile crawler crane
Lift capacity - 130 tonnes
Storage area - 2.6ha
Roll-on / roll-off
Stern / bow ramp available
Platypus Channel
Dredged to 10.3 metres
Dredged to
9.5m
Swinging basin
dredged to 10.5m
Berth 9
Passenger cruise vessels
Scale bar [KM]
1
0
Hotel
Casino
Marina
Links to
Owners and
operators
Wharf
infrastructure
Navigation
aids
Power and
fuel facilities
Communications
and
emergency services

11. Location
Profile TOWNSVILLE AIRPORT
Intended use: Transport & Logistics
Tactical ops (Level 2)
Air traffic management
Airservices Australia
Phone 1300 300 719
Military operations
RAAF Garbutt
Phone 07 4752 2111
Aero info
RAAF AIS
Phone 03 9282 6924
Suitable for C130 Hercules and
Russian Antinov cargo planes
TOWNSVILLE/Townsville INTL
ELEV 18
AVFAX CODE 4402
MOVEMENT AREA
01/19 017 80a
07/25 067 36a F27 PCN8/F/A/580/U Asphalt
Pavement ratings
- Concrete apron: PCN 58/R/D/1750/U
- Asphalt apron: PCN 77/F/D/1750/U
- Light ACFT apron: PCN 13/F/D/580/U
LIGHTING
L1 RWY 01/19 & 07/25
L4 RWY 01/19 3 stage AVBL
L5 RWY 01
L9 RWY 01/19
NAVIGATION AIDS
TACAN VOR NDB DME ILS ASR/SSR
GROUND SERVICES
AMS(MIL) AVBL on 361.6
REPLEN
BP Phone 07 47794346
For fuel H24 0412 777160,
VHF 126.4 Callsign Air BP.
AVGAS, JET A1, O117, O125
RFF CAT 6 2000-1100, CAT 4 1100-2000
MET Elaboration of MET H24,
WSO or 07 47795999
H
01/19
07/25
Townsville
2NM
Links to
Owners and
operators
Airfield
infrastructure
Navigation
aids
Power and
fuel facilities
Communications
and
emergency services
Airservices Australia
E146
46
S19 15

12. Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
Prototype (scenario planning) … …
?
• MC&G S&T topics
• Library services
• Environmental analysis
• Operational analysis
• Modelling and simulation
• et cetera
Training
Scientific Advice
Location
Profile DILI, EAST TIMOR
Intended use: Situation Awareness
Strategic intell (Level 1)
User profile Region / location identification Purpose of use and
resolution / precision
Accrediting authority
Imagery Landsat 7
9:40AM 8 Sept 1999
Processed by
BLACK GRID LINES ARE 25 METRE INTERVALS
OF THE
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID
ZONE 51
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS84) ELLIPSOID
Horizontal accuracy +/-5 metres
MAP GRID
Error ellipse
Error and accuracy statements
Electronic Help Desk
Parare
The Next Generation
Note: The following slides are for DEMONSTRATION OF CONCEPT PURPOSES only
and may, or may not, represent the actual status of information, or sources

13. Location
Cf
INDONESIA
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Profile
Intended use: Geography brief
Strategic geography
(Level 0)
i
A presentation by Dr Bob, Cartographer
To be be used for briefing purposes only
NOT AUTHORITIVE
For further information refer to
Approximate distance in kilometres
ACEH
JAYAPURA
TIMOR
AMBON
BIAK
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Jakarta
Area:
total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Country name: Republic of Indonesia
Cf Mediterranean Sea
Area: 2,505,000 sq km
Population:
216,108,345 (July 1999 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%,
coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions:
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%,
Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch,
local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Ports and harbors:
Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang,
Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang
Airports: 443 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:
total: 125
Airports—with unpaved runways:
total: 318
Heliports: 4 (1998 est.)
Current areas of unrest
Indonesian flag
NOTE: This map shows an outline of Indonesia and parts of its near neighbours
The background map shows the extent of the Mediterranean Sea.
Neither map is in a standard map projection; being displayed in Plate Carree
and, as such, scale is only approximate and shape distortions occur

14. Location
Profile
Intended use: Situation awareness
Strategic intell (Level 1)
Imagery
Landsat 7
9:40AM 8 Sept 1999
Processed by
Dili Airport Terminal
DILI (Komoro) Airport
(Control Point)
Coordinates 125° 31’ 19.2454”E
8° 32’ 57.3507”S
* (Spheroidal height) 56.7736M
* Elevation 10FT
DILI, EAST TIMOR
* NOTE: Elevation refers to height above the geoid (or sea surface level)
Spheroidal height refers to a mathematical height and is the height relative to a reference ellipsoid.
Satellite surveying and satellite navigation systems produce a spheroidal height as a part of their output.

15. Pillars
House
100
25 50 75
0
Metres
POS
POLISI
MOTTAAIN
Boom gate
SELAT OMBAI
Boundary follows the
thalweg of Rib Motabico
Rock retaining wall
Bridge
Canal
Bridge
PROPINSI
TIMOR TIMUR
PROPINSI NUSA
TENGARRA TIMUR
Batas Propinsi
[Provincial Limit]
Boundary agreed by Portugal
and the Netherlands
Portuguese explorers land on Timor
The Portuguese colonise Timor
The Dutch colonise the western half of the island
Treaty of Demarcation between Portugal and
the Netherlands signed
Centre island boundary surveyed
Formal transfer of sovereignty from the Netherlands
to the Republic of Indonesia
The United Nations General Assembly places East
Timor on its list of Non-Self Governing Territories
Portugal admits it has lost control of East Timor
[21 August]
Foreign Ministers of Portugal and Indonesia meet
in Rome and agree that Portugal constitutes the
legitimate authority in East Timor [3rd November]
Indonesian forces invade East Timor and establish
a provisional Government and requests integration
with Indonesia
Portugal breaks off diplomatic relations with
Indonesia [7th December]
UN General Assembly passes a resolution calling on
Indonesia to withdraw from East Timor immediately
[12th December]
East Timor is integrated into Indonesia as its 27th
province - Loro Sae
Australia’s Foreign Minister announces his
Government’s recognition of incorporation of East
Timor into Indonesia [20th January]
New Zealand gives support to Indonesian line on
non-interference [20th July]
Australia formally recognises Indonesian take-over
of East Timor [15th December]
An agreement is signed at the United Nations in
New York between the UN, Portugal and Indonesia
allowing for a vote on whether to accept a special
autonomy arrangement with Indonesia or to move
towards independence[5th May]
President Habibie of Indonesia endorses the
referendum result which is in favour of
independence [6th September]
Violence rages in East Timor
UN confirms that a peacekeeping force will be sent
to East Timor [13th September]
UN force led by Australia arrives in Dili
[20th September]
Indonesian Parliament ratifies the result of East
Timor referendum. The United Nations takes over
the immediate control of the territory [20th October]
1520
1701
1700s
1859
1915
1949
1960
1975
1976
1977
1999
CHRONOLOGY
The United Nations has never
recognized integration of East
Timor with Indonesia.
Probable recognition of
province boundary as border
The UK Foreign & Commonwealth
Office position is that the boundary
on the Island of Timor is a full
international, de jure boundary,
which was delimited by agreement
between Portugal and the Netherlands
signed in 1904 and clarified by the
decision of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration in 1914
Location MOTAAIN BORDER CROSSING
Profile
Intended use: Border assessment
Focal area (Level 3)

16. Location
Profile
INDONESIA - EAST TIMOR
BORDER (North)
Intended use: Aerial surveillance
Tactical ops (Level 2)
Motaain
Belaka
Batugade
Mangrove
Border
crossing
INDONESIA
(West Timor)
EAST TIMOR
Imagery
Australian Imagery Office
October 1999
Annotation
Bakosurtanal
October 1982-1992
CAUTION
9010 000
09
08
07
7
13
000
14
15
16
17
18
BLACK GRID LINES ARE 1000 METRE INTERVALS
OF THE
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID
ZONE 51
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS84) ELLIPSOID
Horizontal accuracy +/-25 metres
MAP GRID
Error ellipse
CAUTION
Area of uncertainty
(due to differing border delineation)
CAUTION - NOT VERIFIED

17. Location
E714300
E714400
E714500
Site plan
Detailed site survey
16 October 1999
Territorial advice
Australian Defence Headquarters
Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information
25 November 1999
Rock retaining wall
Boom gate
Pillars
House Bridge
Check point
Culvert
SELAT OMBAI
Bridge House
House
Shed
Shed
Rock retaining wall
INDONESIA
Canal
POS
POLISI
MOTAAIN
Profile MOTAAIN BORDER CROSSING
Intended use: Border patrol/defence
Focal area (Level 3)
BLACK GRID LINES ARE 25 METRE INTERVALS
OF THE
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID
ZONE 51
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS84) ELLIPSOID
Horizontal accuracy +/-5 metres
MAP GRID
Error ellipse
KEY POINT REGISTER
Motaain Police Station 714295 9009100
Bridge (Mota Bico) 714475 9009114
Bridge (Motaain) 714365 9009058
Check point 714303 9009081
Road block 714307 9009075
Boom gate 714287 9009087
CAUTION
INDONESIA (West Timor)
Area of uncertainty
(due to differing border delineation)
Road block
N9009200
N9009100
Typical TNI
check point

18. Dutch establish a settlement at Triton Bay and annex
New Guinea west of 141° E [24 August]
A secret declaration by the Dutch, after a request
from Britain, redefines border
Secret declaration made public
Border described as a straight line by Dutch, prior to
Britain and Germany acquiring colonies on island
Germany claims New Guinea
Britain claims Papua
Germany and Britain draw a boundary from Mitre
Rock on east coast to intersection of 5°S and 141° E
Anglo-Dutch negotiations begin after raids by
headhunters. British and Dutch officials visit south
coast and identify Bensbach River at 141° 01’47.9”E
as logical point for boundary. This meant that Britain
concedes a strip 1.8 mile wide to 5° S. Britain argues
and gains Fly River bulge as compensation. Agree-
ment finalised on 20 July 1895.
Australia succeeds Britain in Papua
Negotiations and surveys begin by Netherlands
and Germany on northern coast. War intervened
prior to completion
Australia succeeds Germany in New Guinea
Australia and Netherlands commence settlement
of boundary. Australian surveyor, AG Harrison,
placed a marker near Wutong on meridian
141°0’13.5” E and recorded that Dutch border lay
1312FT to west.
Joint determination occurred and discovered a gap
of 1306FT between Australian and Dutch locations
of 141° E. A simple split was not possible for a
marker and so one was placed 550Ft from Dutch
location and 756Ft from Australian location
Australian and Dutch governments agree boundary
should follow the great circle passing through the
obelisk to intersection of 141° E with Fly River, along
Fly River to meridian passing through the mouth of
Bensbach River then to coast.
Monuments were erected at Fly River intersections
Indonesia succeeds Dutch in Irian Jaya
Indonesia and Australia agree to defined border
Work began on erecting markers
Agreement reached on border 26 January 1973.
Fourteen markers established, ten north of Fly River
Meridian south of Fly changed to 141° 01’10E, being
the new determination of mouth of Bensbach River.
Signs placed near villages and tracks
CAUTION: Fluctuations of Fly River NOT clarified
1828
1848
1865
1875
1884
1885
1893
1905
1910
1919
1919
1933
1960
1962
1962
1966
1973
CHRONOLOGY OF A BORDER
An agreement between
Indonesia and Australia,
dated 26 January 1973, listed
14 boundary markers. Ten
marked 141°E to the north of
the Fly River. Four marked
141°01’10”E south of the Fly
River, being the mouth of the Bensbach River
Papua New Guinea gained
independence on 16 September 1975
from the Australian-administered
UN trusteeship
The border was [partially] resurveyed
through OP KUMUL, a Defence
Cooperation Project (DCP), in 1989
Location
INDONESIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
BORDER
Profile
Intended use: Border assessment
Bulletin: Thu, Jun 8 2000 15:44 AEST
The Prime Minister, John Howard, is moving
to reassure Indonesia that he will not be
supporting secessionist moves in the
province of Papua.
The Prime Minister has made the commit-
ment ahead of talks with the Indonesian
President Abdurrahman Wahid.
Mr Howard says he will tell the Indonesian
President he respects Indonesia’s present
borders.
Strategic geography
(Level 0)
Boigu I. AUSTRALIAN
SOVEREIGN TERRITORY
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fly R.
Bensbach R.
Province of Papua
(formerly Irian Jaya)
Jayapura
Timika
Biak
Ambon
Ok Tedi
Port Moresby

19. Tembagapura Township
Location
TEMBAGAPURA,
Irian Jaya
Profile
i
Intended use: Geography brief
Strategic geography
(Level 0)
Tembagapura
Jayapura
Timika
Merauke
Biak
Sorong
Fakfak
Location
July 2000
Grasberg Mine
Puncak Jaya has massive ice bodies
including the Meren, Carstensz,and Eastern
Northwall glaciers, as well as the Western
Northwall Ice Cap. The glaciers and Puncak
Jaya are outside the PT Freeport Indonesia
mining area.
Puncak Jaya
Key environmental features
Reserves total over 2.48 billion tonnes of ore,
which contains:
• World’s largest gold reserve
- 64.2 million payable ounces
• World’s third largest copper reserve
- 51.3 billion payable pounds
Mining resources
Tembagapura location
S 4º8’ E 137º5’ [approx.]
http://www.fcx.com/mr/fast-facts/ff-overview.html

20. church on ridge
high terrain
bowl
15
33
Location
Profile MAKKI, Irian Jaya
Intended use: Evacuation planning
Tactical ops (Level 2)
Aero info
RAAF AIS
Phone 03 9282 6924
Profile
Tactical ops (Level 2)
NOT
KNOWN
Air traffic management
Airservices Australia
Phone 1300 300 719
Typical mountainous terrain The Dani People
Terminal chart
Flight Information
August 2000
MAKKI MAK GBIJ/ABMS Class 3
Coordinates S 03 58.26 E 138 37.68 VHF 120.0
Length/Width 633m / 19m Elevation 6250’ Slope 9%
CAUTION Sketch map - Not to scale
Tembagapura
Jayapura
Timika
Merauke
Biak
Sorong
Fakfak
.Makki
Location
NO
Avgas NO
Avtur
SURFACE
Thick heavy sod over dirt. Moderate crown. Soft and slippery
when wet. Soft shoulders. Sideslope toward river.
OBSTRUCTIONS
Hills at entrance to valley.
ABORT - LANDING
Left turn just before entering bowl. If unable to stop landing roll,
swerve to right at upper end.
ABORT - TAKEOFF
About 150M into takeoff roll. If unable to stop, continue straight
off lower end.
WEATHER PATTERN
Morning fog and cloud close valley during rainy season. Mid morning valley winds
strong, gusty. Weather and wind often different than main valley outside bowl.
HAZARDS - REMARKS
Wind Curfew 10:00. Wind sock not always good indicator. Can be surprisingly
turbulent inside abort point. Check turbulence; make low pass/drag. Confirm approach
path clear of clouds before committed on approach. Blind takeoff; requires signaler.
Stay in center. Crowd control problems.
The Dani( often referred to as Lani) live in the highlands
of east Ilaga near the edge of the Grand Baliem Valley.
The Dani of the centre high islands, perhaps the best-
known of the Irianese, live in communities of tidy little
thatch-and-wood huts, surrounded by neatly kept
gardens of sweet potato vines.Two of the Dani's most
distinguishing traits are their cultural costumes of penis
gourds for men, and fiber skirts for women. Efforts by the
Indonesian government have failed to convince Dani
men that pants were superior to their horim. Ancestral
beliefs remain strong among the Grand Valley Dani.
+6900FT
6250FT
6450FT
2%
TDZ
10%
15
33
+
Cessna Caravan

21. Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
?
• MC&G S&T topics
• Library services
• Environmental analysis
• Operational analysis
• Modelling and simulation
• et cetera
Scientific Advice
Training
Electronic Help Desk
Parare
The Next Generation

22. DGIWG Stragey Sub-Group
Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator
Common Gateway Services
for the Delivery of
Geospatial Imagery and Intelligence Information
Advanced Concept
Technology Demonstrator
NSDI
Clearinghouses
FGDC/CEONet
OGC/WMT
Map/Catalog Servers
Geospatial Clients
USIGS
DIGEST
BDD (VMap)
TLD (transport/logistics)
TAD (terrain analysis)
#
Civilian GI Agencies
through ASDI
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based
technology
Civilian
GI Agencies
#
Interoperability
via
conformance
DIGEST
USIGS
Electronic dissemination of GI3
Parare
The Next Generation

23. Development of new products and services
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Databases of infrastructure
and environmental information
Warehouse / clearinghouse
as maps, charts,
publications,
reports, etc
as standard digital products,
geospatial services, etc
distributed via electronic media
and networks
as customised operational databases,
contingency support packages, etc
distributed via electronic media and networks
terrain analysis packages
transport and logistics databases
littoral operations databases
electronic aeronautical publications
electronic maritime publications
Decision support systems
Feedback in the form of
reports, analyses, and
value-added products
User community
e.g.
Palm pads
- GPS, GIS
& mobile comms

24. Improvement in availability of foundation geospatial information
Production Support Capability
Co-production
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
DTA
RAN HYDRO
RAAF AIS
AODC
DOM
AIO
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Analyse current and new capabilities
• Parare
• SEA1430
• JP2064
Review bilateral and multilateral commitments
Review National Support commitments
Investigate commercial support capabilities

25. Improvement of management of databases and archives
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Archives
Training
0
Strategic Level
1
Operational Level
2
Tactical Level
3
Focal area/urban
4
Facility / target
R
E
S
O
L
U
T
I
O
N
TERRAIN ENVIRONMENT
Spatial data model
Lineage
Currency
Datum/s
Reference system
Positional accuracy
Relative accuracy
Accreditation
THE DOMAIN OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 Physiography
2 Hydrology
3 Hydrography / bathymetry
4 Vegetation/cultivation
1 Atmosphere / weather
2 Climate
3 Astronomy
3 Oceanography
4 Isogonic information
Measures
of
Trust
1 Administration/institution
2 Population/habitation
3 Road infrastructure
4 Rail infrastructure
5 Air infrastructure
6 Sea infrastructure
7 Telecommunications
8 Power/fuel
9 Water resources
10 Industry/commerce
11 Health/medical
12 Tourism/recreation
INFRASTRUCTURE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The MGI data cube
Develop more advanced formal models for representing the geographic environment in time and space
Develop techniques for maintaining, revising and managing geospatial information

26. Any questions, opinions and views on
the Future Defence Geospatial Environment?
Dr R.J.Williams
Information Technology Division,
Defence Science and Technology Organisation