Geographic intelligence. This presentation was developed in 2000-2001 in response to a question from a senior military officer who asked "how much geographic information do I need and what can go wrong if I haven't got it"!

1. Geographic Intelligence
Dare to change
The key to information superiority
An original idea of
Dr Bob Williams
2001-2002
eGeoBrief
#
# Title first used on 5 April 2001
Concept raised on 23 June 1994

2. Surveying and mapping
an enduring commitment
Ø Intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance
Ø Targeting and weapons employment
Ø Command, control and communication
Ø Navigation and guidance
Ø Health and survival, search and rescue
Ø Mobility and manoeuvre
An exploratory and expeditionary operation
The ‘rape’ of camels
A Chinese embassy Senhor Heldeweir
An Italian gondola
The soles of boots
Penis gourds
Geographic Intelligence
18 minutes

3. The soles of boots
The “Ambush in Mogadishu" was the US military’s most
violent combat firefight since Vietnam. On October 3, 1993
elite units of the US Army's Rangers and Delta Force were
ambushed by Somali men, women and children armed with
automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades. The
Rangers were pinned down in the most dangerous part of
Mogadishu, Somalia and taking casualties. What had
started out as an operation to capture warlord Mohamed
Farah Aidid--turned into a tragic firefight that lasted
seventeen hours, left eighteen Americans dead, eighty four
wounded and continues to haunt the US military and
American foreign policy.
Spec. MIKE KURTH, Air Assault Force: In the city, they didn't
care for us. In, I guess, their culture, the biggest way of
insulting somebody is showing them the bottom of their
shoe, and people would take off their shoe and show it to us.
And we always wondered if we- if we were- if they were doing
that to us because they didn't like us, or- there could be- we
were hanging our legs out, so, of course, we're showing them
the bottoms of our shoes. And I always thought, "Well, maybe
there we're giving the wrong signal out."
Mohamed Farrah Aidid

4. The ‘rape’ of camels
The United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM I) was set up to facilitate humanitarian aid to people trapped by
civil war and famine. The mission developed into a broad attempt to help stop the conflict and reconstitute the basic
institutions of a viable State. Somalia occupies a strategically important geopolitical position at the Horn of Africa.
The political culture is influenced by competition among a number of clans and clan-based factions.
At a presentation given at DSTO(S) on 24
September 1999, COL Alain Dunaud, Director for
Information Systems, French Army commented
on 'situation awareness' issues in Somalia and
stated that their intelligence monitored the trade
in camels. He had a translation issue and said
“rape” instead of “trade”.
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: 22,100 km
Pipelines: crude oil 15 km
Ports and harbors: Bender Cassim, Berbera,
Chisimayu, Merca, Mogadishu
Airports: 61 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: 7 (1999 est.)
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: NA
Telephone system: the public telecommunications system was
completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions.
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 4 (1988)
Radios: 470,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 135,000 (1997)
Population
Ethnic groups:
Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000
Religions:
Sunni Muslim
Languages:
Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

5. An Italian gondola
A Marine EA-6B Prowler surveillance aircraft was on a training mission when it sheared cable car wires in
the ski resort of Cavalese, sending a cabin plunging onto an icy mountainside.
THE Marine EA-6B Prowler was not equipped with a heads-up display that might have given the pilot
more information about his surroundings, and that the hard-copy map he was using did not depict the
gondola cable.
Heads-up displays, or HUDs, provide pilots with an eye-level view of critical flight data, such as location
of the horizon, altitude, heading and airspeed.
TWO MAPS AND A TRAGEDY
The Marine Corps pilot whose jet struck a
ski gondola cable on February 3, 1998 in
Italy, killing 20 people, used a U.S. Military
map[produced by Defense Mapping Agency,
US] that failed to show the cable. An Italian
aviation chart [produced by AMI-CNBBQ,
Italy] shows the obstruction.
Sunday, May 16, 1999

6. A Chinese Embassy
It is important to understand that our ability to locate fixed- targets is no better than the data bases, and the data bases in this case were wrong!
DCI Statement on the Belgrade Embassy Bombing, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Open Hearing 22 July 1999
The Chinese Embassy in the Yugoslav capital,
Belgrade, was hit and set on fire during NATO
air strikes on the city.
NATO admitted making a “tragic mistake” in
firing missiles at the Chinese Embassy in
Belgrade on Friday May 8, 1999 – an attack in
which four people were reported dead and
twenty injured.
George J.Tenet
Director of Central Intelligence Dr. John J. Hamre Deputy Secretary of Defense
LTGEN James C.King
Director of National Imagery and
Mapping Agency

7. Senhor João Luis Jacques António Henrique Heldeweir
Bulletin: Mon, Oct 11 1999 9:20
Indonesian forces fired at Australian troops
with the Interfet multinational force in the
first officially-acknowledged exchange of
fire in a disputed area on the border between
East and West Timor ... near the border town
of Motaain. [The incident occurred on
Sunday Oct 10 1999]
Reporters on the scene say the TNI
[Indonesian military] were using an old
Dutch map, showing Motaain in West Timor.
The Australians were using an Indonesian
map, showing Motaain in East Timor.
Probable recognition of province
boundary as border
The UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office
position is that the boundary on the Island
of Timor is a full international, de jure
boundary, which was delimited by
agreement between Portugal and the
Netherlands signed in 1904 and clarified
by the decision of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration in 1914
Series D42:7(2A)
Centro de Geografia
do Ultramar
1967
91/XLV ATAMBOA
Topografische diest, Batavia 1941
2407-122/121 BATUGADE
Bakosurtanal, Jakarta 1992

8. Penis gourds
Dani tribesmen of Baliem Valley Bell H1 Helicopter Iroquois
OP CENDERAWASIH 77
On 29 July 1977 two Iroquois from No.9 Sqn RAAF made an attempt to
position a survey party in the Irian Jaya highlands between Wamena
and Apahapsili. The mission had to be aborted due to heavy cloud and
one helicopter disappeared with 5 on board whilst returning to base at
Wamena in the Baliem Valley.
It was found the next day crashed in a moss forest lying at 10,000 feet
near Pass Valley. The first on the scene were two RASvy NCOs who
made a perilous descent by helicopter winch down through the jungle
canopy to the wreckage 60 metres below. Four had survived and one
died in the accident.
The later appearance of a SAS unit helped secure the site against
possible OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka or Free Papua Movement)
interference.
Crossing a ridge in the central highlands
Iroquois A2-379
LANDSAT 1 Aug 00

9. 0845 EDT A hijacked passenger jet, American Flight 11, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center
0903 EDT A second hijacked airliner, United Flight 175, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center
0930 EDT Bush, speaking in Florida, says the country has suffered an "apparent terrorist attack."
0940 EDT The FAA halts all flight operations at U.S. airports
0943 EDT A third hijacked aircraft, American Airlines Flight 77, crashes into the Pentagon
0950 EDT The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses
1010 EDT United Airlines Flight 93 crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh
1010 EDT A portion of the Pentagon collapses
1029 EDT The World Trade Center's north tower collapses
1045 EDT All federal office buildings in Washington are evacuated
1118 EDT American Airlines reports it has lost two aircraft. American Flight 11, flying from Boston to Los Angeles, and Flight 77, en route
from Washington's Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles. Flight 11 hit the north tower of the World Trade Center. Flight 77 hit the Pentagon
1126 EDT United Airlines reports that United Flight 93, en route from Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco, has crashed in Pennsylvania
1159 EDT United Airlines confirms that Flight 175, from Boston to Los Angeles, has crashed
1304 EDT Bush puts the U.S. military on high alert worldwide
1348 EDT President Bush leaves Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana aboard Air Force One and flies to Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska
1630 EDT The president leaves Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska aboard Air Force One to return to Washington
1720 EDT The 47-story Building 7 of the World Trade Center complex collapses
1854 EDT Bush arrives back at the White House
2030 EDT Bush addresses the nation
18 Minutes
Tuesday, 11 September, 2001

10. Assessment of the issues
^
The ‘rape’ of camels
A Chinese embassy
Senhor Heldeweir
An Italian gondola
Penis gourds
The soles of boots
Intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance
Targeting and weapons employment
Command, control and communication
Navigation and guidance
Health and survival
Mobility and manoeuvre
• Modelling demography and urban areas
• Multilingual products and briefs
• Infrastructure directories
• Ingress, egress and contingency plans
• High resolution imagery and precise plans
• Gazetteer and address matching
• Database design
• Database management and accreditation
• Right info, right format, right time
• Focal area products
• Multiple representations
• Electronic libraries
• Spectrum management
• Terrain and obstacles
• Cockpit displays and analysis
• Interoperability and data exchange
• Military standards and protocols
• Geographic intelligence
• Search and rescue
• Environmental information
incl diseases and incl characteristics
applicable to - drug/illegal traffic
• Terrain and environmental analysis
• Transportation and logistics
• Regional infrastructure characteristics
• Oceanography and weather
(COASTWATCH)
18 minutes
Readiness
Responsiveness
Knowledge management

11. Operational information within the C2 process
HIGHER
AUTHORITY
COMMAND
Intelligence
Intelligence
Analysis
Intelligence Data
Collection
Resources
Weapons
Systems
Own
Forces
Logistics
Systems
Command
Support
Situation
Awareness
Military
Response
Options
Virtual
environment
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Ø Geography
Ø History
Ø Environment
Ø Economy
Ø Politics
Ø Communications
Ø Facilities
Ø Resources
IGI Service
Imagery and Geospatial
Information Infrastructure
Global Information Grid
Resource management
• Precision weapon systems
• Fleet and asset management
• Logistics
Command Support
• Situation awareness
• Simulation, planning & rehearsal
• Air space management, spectrum management, etc
Surveillance
• Manned airborne, UAV, satellite
• Comprehensive sensor list
• Expeditionary forces
Intelligence
• Warnings and indicators
• Multi-INT
• All operating levels
Cartographically
modelled
Surveillance
Sensor
Management

12. The meaning of life
2000
2010
2005
2020
Authority
Intelligence
Resource & asset
management
Command
Support
Surveillance
Command
Knowledge-based systems
as an integral part of the C2 capability
Defence Planning and Operations
ADO
MGI ASDI
www
ADO
Users
Geospatial information infrastructure
1990
1980
1970
42
JP Parare 1
ARM Automap 1
ARM Automap 2
ARM Automap 3
ARM MES 42
Information for input into
future weapon, navigation,
command and control, and
intelligence systems
Source
acquisition
Imagery
preparation
Data
extraction
Product
construction
Distribution
Database
management
Single service/agency GIS systems
Videre
Parare
Est A Virtual World
Intelligent systems

13. Evolution from producing and supplying maps and charts
to managing and disseminating geospatial information
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MAPPING
Multiple Depots
Maps/Charts
Documents
Standard Products
Multiple
Agencies
Service Users
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
at Strategic, Operational and Tactical levels
Electronic
Briefs and Plans
User community
Clearinghouse
Coalition
Agencies
Scientific and Technical
Advice
Deployable
MGI
Sections
Civilian
GI Agencies
eBusiness
strategy for supply and demand
of geospatial information

14. Evolution from paper products
[and digital facsimiles of paper-based products]
to visual communications
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MAPPING
Future
3 and 4 dimensional
visualisations
Large and multiple
screen
visualisations
Electronic briefs
integrated with
telecommunication
Electronic briefs and plans
integrated with deployable
assets and bridge and cockpit
displays
Including integrated
navigation systems

15. Evolution from manual planning methods
to analytical geospatial reasoning
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN CARTOGRAPHY
Reasoning and advice
for situation awareness
and military response options
Geospatial and imagery databases,
products and services
structured for use in C3ISR systems,
smart navigation systems, and
facilities / asset management systems
Geospatial reasoning for
terrain modelling,
environmental analysis,
site selection, sensor management,
asset and fleet management, and
mission planning and rehearsal
View
View
Gives
View
Processing for
• Terrain Visualisation
• Network Analysis
Analysis for
• Mission Planning
• Avenues of Approach
Datasets for
• Terrain Analysis
• Transport
& Logistics
e.g. ACTIVITY
• Invasion planning
PURPOSE
• Operational planning
and rehearsal
ANALYST
viewpoint
DIGO
viewpoint
PROJECT
and
CSS
viewpoint
Gives
Gives
Contingency support plans
Operational orders
Military Response Options
Risk assessment
Agency function of
acquisition, compilation and
production of geospatial information
and imagery products to populate a
geospatial information infrastructure
GII&S Infrastructure
Capability development
for operational planning,
modelling and simulation,
rehearsal and operation
educate
influence
information
knowledge

16. Pre-planned flight path
Evolution from static map graphics
to electronic illustrated briefs; dynamic modelling and
simulation; automated navigation; etc…; etc...
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN CARTOGRAPHY
HAZARDS - REMARKS
Wind Curfew 10:00. Can be surprisingly
turbulent inside abort point.
Stay in center. Crowd control problems.
eGeoBrief

17. Evolution from product databases
to an Imagery and Geospatial Information Infrastructure
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
0 Strategic Level
1 Operational Level
2 Tactical Level
3 Focal area/urban
4 Facility / target
Measures of Trust
Spatial data model Reference system
Lineage Positional accuracy
Currency Relative accuracy
Datum/s Accreditation
Measures of
Trust
IGI Service
Imagery and Geospatial
Information Infrastructure
G
L
O
B
A
L
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
G
R
I
D
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN CARTOGRAPHY
Intelligence
community
Operational
units
Deployable
assets
Profiles
Web portal

18. Geospatial Information Infrastructure
Technologies:
• Photogrammetry
• Remote sensing
• Cartography
INFORMATION PRODUCTION
Imagery analysts
Geospatial analysts
GI APPLICATIONS
Areas of application:
• Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
• Targeting and weapons employment
• Command and control
• Navigation and guidance
• Health and survival
• Mobility and manoeuvre
The Defence Capability Plan:
• enhanced imagery collection
• enhanced geospatial information systems
• improved dissemination systems
POLICY, DOCTRINE & MANAGEMENT DATAACQUISITION
Information Management and
Dissemination
Technologies:
• Geodetic surveying
• Satellite and airborne surveying
• Remote sensing
• Photogrammetry
• Cartography
Geomatics and computer science
Needs assessment
Readiness assessment

19. Evolution in surveying
which embraces satellite, airborne and remote sensor technologies
Evolution in geodetic surveying
GPS (Global Positioning System)
DGPS (Differential GPS)
GNSS(Global Navigation
Satellite System)
Long Range Kinematic techniques
and applications in real-time
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN SURVEYING
The SRTM used a technique
called radar interferometry.
In radar interferometry, two radar images are
taken from slightly different locations.
The differences between these images
allow for the calculation of surface
elevation. The result gives digital
elevation models of the earth’s surface.
Airborne Digital Sensor
LH Systems’ (Leica Helava)
ADS40 is the first commercial
airborne digital sensor and its
broad ground coverage and multispectral
image collection are set to combine
photogrammetric accuracy and remote sensing
insight. Triple image matching can be used for
triangulation and DTM generation.
Innovation from industry
The Laser Airborne Depth Sounder
(LADS) provides accurate, high
density digital depth and positional
data of coastal waters up to 50 metres
in depth. Flying at 145 knots, 500
metres above the sea, unhindered by
reefs or shallows, LADS surveys the
sea floor at a rate in excess of 50
square kilometres an hour.
Airborne Hydrographic Surveying
Bathymetry and oceanography
Autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Hyperspectral satellite imagery
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Fugro’s FLI-MAP system integrates a number of
recent innovations including a scanning laser, a
solid state Inertial Navigation System,
kinematic GPS technology, digital
video imagery and custom-built
software resulting in an outstanding
tool for 3D Corridor Mapping 3D
geometry of terrain features with a
horizontal and vertical accuracy of 5-10cm.

20. Evolution in mapping
which embraces photogrammetry, remote sensing, and
cartography technologies
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MAPPING
Image Visualisation
Visualisation technology
can now project images
for screens as large
as IMAX
Remote Sensing
Landsat
SPOT Multispectral imagery
Stereoscopic capability
RADARSAT
ERS
IRS
JERS
RESURS
Vegetation classification
Oceanography
Elevation modelling
Environmental analysis
Photogrammetry
Analytical tools:
• Terrain and river
network analysis
3D modelling options
Photogrammetry
Electronic publishing
Kiosk-style applications
Defence applications
Feature and object
geometry and topology
Spatial data
organisation and
management
Cartography - GIS
Soft-copy photogrammetry:
• triangulation
• orientation
• feature collection
• digital terrain models
• orthophotos
• mosaics
• fly-throughs

21. References and Acknowledgments
FRONTLINE #1704 Air date: September 28, 1998
“Ambush in Mogadishu” Written, Produced and Directed By William Cran
“Blackhawk Down” Mark Bowden, November 16, 1997
The soles of boots
Somalia - UNOSOM I
Department of Public Information, United Nations
The rape of camels
An Italian gondola
“Cable car trial highlights role of cockpit IT”
Web posted at: 12:25 p.m. EST (1725 GMT) March 8, 1999
A Chinese Embassy
Senhor João Luis Jacques
António Henrique Heldeweir
Penis gourds
“U.S. Military Accidents Linked to Flawed Maps”
Sunday, May 16, 1999 ID: 0990044055
“Embassy Bombed”
Saturday, May 8, 1999 Published at 21:09 GMT 22:09 UK
ABC News Online
Bulletin: Mon, Oct 11 1999 9:20
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2000
C.D.Coulthard-Clark
“Australia’s Military Mapmakers”
The Royal Australian Survey Corps 1915-96
18 Minutes
Numerous postings
11-12 September 2001