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Lung cancer: Lecture 1 (epidemiology and etiology)
- 1. LUNG CANCER LECTURE 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY & ETIOLOGY
- 2. WHAT IS MEANT BY EPIDEMIOLOGY & ETOLOGY ? EPIDEMIOLOGY • the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. ETIOLOGY • Study of causes of disease
- 3. INCIDENCE OF CANCER • Lung cancer is one of the most common deaths accounting for 1/3 of all cancer deaths. • It is most common cause of death both in men as well as woman. Although rates of lung cancer is reducing in men but it is increasing in women. • There has been increase of lung cancer in non smokers or who had minimum smoking history (<10-15 packs year).
- 5. HOW DOES SMOKING LEADTO CANCER ? • Smoking is by far the biggest preventable cause of cancer. • Chemicals in cigarette smoke enter our blood stream and can then affect the entire body.This is why smoking causes so many diseases, including at least 15 types of cancer, heart disease and various lung diseases. • Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer than non-smokers, whatever type of cigarette they smoke.There’s no such thing as a safe way to use tobacco. • It usually takes many years, or decades, for the DNA damage from smoking to cause cancer. Our bodies are designed to deal with a bit of damage but it’s hard for the body to cope with the number of harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke
- 7. How does smoking cause cancer? SMOKING DAMAGES CELL LEADSTO CANCER
- 8. WHAT IS ASBESTOS ? • Asbestos is a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers. These fibers are found in soil and rocks in many parts of the world.They are made mainly of silicon and oxygen, but they also contain other elements. • Asbestos fibers can be useful because they are strong, resistant to heat and to many chemicals, and do not conduct electricity. As a result, asbestos has been used as an insulating material since ancient times.
- 9. HOW DOES ASBESTOS LEADTO LUNG CANCER ? • When asbestos fibers in the air are inhaled, they can stick to mucus in the throat, trachea (windpipe), or bronchi (large breathing tubes of the lungs) and might be cleared by being coughed up or swallowed. • But some fibers reach the ends of the small airways in the lungs or penetrate into the outer lining of the lung and chest wall (known as the pleura). • These fibers can irritate the cells in the lung or pleura and eventually cause lung cancer.
- 10. HOW ARE PEOPLE EXPOSEDTO ASBESTOS ? INHALING • Most exposures come from inhaling asbestos fibers in the air. • This can occur during the mining and processing of asbestos, when making asbestos-containing products, or when installing asbestos insulation. • It can also occur when older buildings are demolished or renovated, or when older asbestos-containing materials begin to break down SWALLOWING • Asbestos fibers can also be swallowed. • This can happen when people consume contaminated food or liquids (such as water that flows through asbestos cement pipes). • It can also occur when people cough up asbestos they have inhaled, and then swallow their saliva.
- 11. RADIATION EXPOSURE • The associations between radiation exposure and cancer are mostly based on populations exposed to relatively high levels of ionizing radiation (e.g., Japanese atomic bomb survivors and recipients of selected diagnostic or therapeutic medical procedures). • Literature from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also suggests a possible association between ionizing radiation exposure and prostate, nasal cavity/sinus, pharyngeal and laryngeal, and pancreatic cancers. • Those cancers that may develop as a result of radiation exposure are indistinguishable from those that occur naturally or as a result of exposure to other chemical carcinogens.
- 12. OTHER LUNG DISEASES • Lung scars and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are associated with an increase risk for lung cancer .
- 13. THANKYOU ! Also visit our website : http://globalcancerproject.com/