Learn about causes of lung cancer.
Also visit our website : http://globalcancerproject.com/
Do not forget to also visit our YouTube channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNUfnr5t9OppuCEJL8MiZwA?view_as=subscriber
The document summarizes the key functions and components of the respiratory system. It explains that the respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through breathing. The mouth, nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm work together to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide in a gas exchange that occurs in tiny air sacs called alveoli. The diaphragm contracts to pull oxygen into the lungs and relaxes to pump carbon dioxide out.
The document discusses the effects of air pollution on human health. It explains that air pollution can come from sources like cigarette smoke, factory emissions, and vehicle exhaust which contain harmful substances that damage the lungs. When exposed to pollutants like tar, irritants, and carcinogens from cigarette smoke or sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide from other sources, it can lead to respiratory diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and asthma. The document recommends ways to improve air quality such as banning open burning, using unleaded fuel, and preventing smoking in public to protect respiratory health.
Workers who engage in renovation and construction are at risk of inhaling asbestos fibers, which can lead to deadly diseases like mesothelioma, pleural disease, and asbestosis. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the lining of the lungs that typically occurs 20-40 years after exposure and has a very poor prognosis. Pleural disease causes scarring and thickening of the lining of the lungs, restricting breathing. Asbestosis results in scarring of the lungs themselves, making breathing difficult. Australia has high rates of these asbestos-related diseases.
Workers who renovate old buildings are at risk of inhaling asbestos fibers, which can cause deadly diseases like mesothelioma, pleural disease, and asbestosis. Australia has high rates of these diseases. Mesothelioma is a cancer affecting the lining of the lungs that develops 20-40 years after exposure and has poor survival rates. Pleural disease causes scarring and fluid buildup in the lungs. Asbestosis results in scarred, stiff lungs that have difficulty absorbing oxygen.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, and effects. It defines air pollution as an undesirable change in air quality from harmful substances that can negatively impact life and property. The main sources of air pollution are described as natural (such as volcanoes and forest fires) and anthropogenic (including vehicles, power plants, and industrial activities). Air pollution affects human health, plants, animals, and the environment. It can cause respiratory illnesses in humans and damage forests by inhibiting photosynthesis in trees. The document also outlines some methods for controlling air pollution, such as installing pollution control devices, shifting to cleaner fuels, and increasing green spaces.
The document summarizes the human respiratory system and breathing mechanism. It describes that respiration involves the lungs exchanging gases through breathing. It then details the main organs involved including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains how inhalation and exhalation occurs through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The document also discusses the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through diffusion and hemoglobin in the blood, as well as the importance of a healthy respiratory system and diseases that can affect it.
This document discusses nuclear pollution from radioactive elements released during nuclear fission. Nuclear pollution can come from nuclear power plants, experiments, transportation, weapons, and accidents. It affects living organisms by causing diseases like skin conditions and damage to reproductive organs. Proper maintenance of nuclear facilities, safe transportation, storage of waste, and limiting nuclear activities can help control and reduce nuclear pollution. As an example, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union dispersed radioactive materials into the atmosphere during a safety test, contaminating a large area.
Asbestos - Environmental Health - What to know?.pptxMuhammad Mozaik
This was an assignment in the second semester of Public Health school, that we had been given to talk about toxic materials and their effects on Health.
I chose the color Blue in these slides, to match it with Blue Asbestos.
The document summarizes the key functions and components of the respiratory system. It explains that the respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through breathing. The mouth, nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm work together to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide in a gas exchange that occurs in tiny air sacs called alveoli. The diaphragm contracts to pull oxygen into the lungs and relaxes to pump carbon dioxide out.
The document discusses the effects of air pollution on human health. It explains that air pollution can come from sources like cigarette smoke, factory emissions, and vehicle exhaust which contain harmful substances that damage the lungs. When exposed to pollutants like tar, irritants, and carcinogens from cigarette smoke or sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide from other sources, it can lead to respiratory diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and asthma. The document recommends ways to improve air quality such as banning open burning, using unleaded fuel, and preventing smoking in public to protect respiratory health.
Workers who engage in renovation and construction are at risk of inhaling asbestos fibers, which can lead to deadly diseases like mesothelioma, pleural disease, and asbestosis. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the lining of the lungs that typically occurs 20-40 years after exposure and has a very poor prognosis. Pleural disease causes scarring and thickening of the lining of the lungs, restricting breathing. Asbestosis results in scarring of the lungs themselves, making breathing difficult. Australia has high rates of these asbestos-related diseases.
Workers who renovate old buildings are at risk of inhaling asbestos fibers, which can cause deadly diseases like mesothelioma, pleural disease, and asbestosis. Australia has high rates of these diseases. Mesothelioma is a cancer affecting the lining of the lungs that develops 20-40 years after exposure and has poor survival rates. Pleural disease causes scarring and fluid buildup in the lungs. Asbestosis results in scarred, stiff lungs that have difficulty absorbing oxygen.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, and effects. It defines air pollution as an undesirable change in air quality from harmful substances that can negatively impact life and property. The main sources of air pollution are described as natural (such as volcanoes and forest fires) and anthropogenic (including vehicles, power plants, and industrial activities). Air pollution affects human health, plants, animals, and the environment. It can cause respiratory illnesses in humans and damage forests by inhibiting photosynthesis in trees. The document also outlines some methods for controlling air pollution, such as installing pollution control devices, shifting to cleaner fuels, and increasing green spaces.
The document summarizes the human respiratory system and breathing mechanism. It describes that respiration involves the lungs exchanging gases through breathing. It then details the main organs involved including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains how inhalation and exhalation occurs through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The document also discusses the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through diffusion and hemoglobin in the blood, as well as the importance of a healthy respiratory system and diseases that can affect it.
This document discusses nuclear pollution from radioactive elements released during nuclear fission. Nuclear pollution can come from nuclear power plants, experiments, transportation, weapons, and accidents. It affects living organisms by causing diseases like skin conditions and damage to reproductive organs. Proper maintenance of nuclear facilities, safe transportation, storage of waste, and limiting nuclear activities can help control and reduce nuclear pollution. As an example, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union dispersed radioactive materials into the atmosphere during a safety test, contaminating a large area.
Asbestos - Environmental Health - What to know?.pptxMuhammad Mozaik
This was an assignment in the second semester of Public Health school, that we had been given to talk about toxic materials and their effects on Health.
I chose the color Blue in these slides, to match it with Blue Asbestos.
Presentation is about Uses of asbestos, Cause of Asbestos Disease , Symptoms of Asbestos Disease, Preventive Measure of Asbestos Disease , Law regarding uses of Asbestos, Facts & Figures about Asbestos Disease, Instruction for using Asbestos, Asbestos health issues and types of asbestos.
Asbestosis , Lung cancer, mesothelioma are the asbestos related Disease.
Asbestos Awareness: 7 Asbestos Facts You Need to KnowChowdhury Nishat
Asbestos is one of the most dangerous natural materials, causing over 100,000 deaths worldwide annually. It was commonly used in construction materials until its severe health risks were discovered. Long-term or high-level exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to life-threatening illnesses like asbestosis, mesothelioma, and different types of cancer in the lungs or other organs. While now banned in most countries, asbestos remains in many older buildings and poses risks if disturbed. Proper training and safety precautions are necessary for any work with asbestos-containing materials.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
This document provides an overview of asbestos, including what it is, where it is commonly found, its health risks, and how to avoid exposure. It discusses that asbestos is a mineral made of tiny fibers that can cause serious health issues if inhaled. Some of the main points covered are:
- Asbestos is found in many building materials like insulation and floor tiles.
- Inhaling asbestos fibers can lead to diseases like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The risks increase with more exposure and if smoking.
- To avoid exposure, one should not disturb asbestos-containing materials and should report any damage to professionals for safe cleanup. Proper precautions are important when
This document provides a summary of asbestos awareness and safety. It defines asbestos and its health hazards. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause lung diseases like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma if inhaled. The document outlines where asbestos is commonly found, when it is dangerous, and how to avoid exposure through safe work practices like not disturbing asbestos-containing materials and reporting damages.
The health effects of asbestos exposure.Miranda Shop
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that was commonly used in construction from the 1940s to 1980s due to its durability, fire resistance, and insulating properties. It can be found in many older homes and buildings. When asbestos fibers become airborne and are inhaled, they can cause serious health issues like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The risk of disease depends on the type and amount of asbestos fibers inhaled and can take 10-50 years to develop. While tightly bound asbestos may pose little risk, any asbestos should be handled carefully and exposure minimized to reduce health risks.
B sc micro, biotech, biochem i es u 3.1 ecosystemRai University
This document discusses environmental chemistry and related topics. It defines environmental chemistry as the scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural environments. It notes that environmental chemistry is interdisciplinary and relies on fields like atmospheric, aquatic, and soil chemistry. The document also discusses topics like chemical toxicology, carcinogens, effluents, biogeochemical cycles, ozone depletion, climate change, and greenhouse gases. It provides definitions and details about these topics.
This document discusses asbestos as an environmental and health problem. It provides an overview of asbestos, including its properties and historical uses. Asbestos was commonly used in insulation, fireproofing, and other construction materials until its dangers were recognized. Exposure can occur naturally or from contaminated buildings and workplaces. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can lead to several diseases, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The document reviews epidemiological data on asbestos-related diseases in Egypt, noting high rates of mesothelioma from 1989-1999, often in young adults exposed residentially. Strict regulations are needed to prevent exposure and associated health impacts.
This document discusses the dangers of asbestos exposure and requirements for safe removal. It notes that lung cancer and mesothelioma are the most common asbestos-related cancers in the US, affecting thousands each year. The document outlines required protective equipment for asbestos workers, proper removal and disposal procedures, and compliance monitoring by regulatory agencies. Long term effects of asbestos exposure are described, including asbestosis, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and mesothelioma, which may not appear for decades after initial exposure.
The document provides guidance on how to safely renovate or demolish structures that may contain asbestos. It outlines that asbestos was commonly used in construction until the 1980s and can be found in roofing, flooring, insulation and other building materials. The key risks are exposure to airborne asbestos fibers through activities like cutting or sanding asbestos materials. The document recommends checking for asbestos before starting renovation work and hiring a licensed asbestos removal contractor if it is discovered.
This document provides an overview of asbestos, its health hazards, and where it can be found. Asbestos was widely used in construction materials due to its desirable properties but is now known to cause serious health issues like mesothelioma cancer and asbestosis. It becomes hazardous when fibers are released into the air and inhaled. To avoid exposure, people should be aware of where asbestos is likely present in buildings and not disturb any asbestos-containing materials.
Unit b section - 4.2 factors that affect the bodytristan87
The document discusses several factors that affect the healthy function of the body's main systems. It focuses on three systems: respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. For the respiratory system, diseases like asthma can affect the lungs. Smoking is a major social factor that increases risk of respiratory diseases due to chemicals in cigarettes like tar and carbon monoxide. The circulatory system is impacted by diet and high cholesterol leading to conditions like atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Factors like diet, bacteria, and ulcers can influence the digestive system and cause issues like stomach pains and indigestion.
Chemicals are present in many everyday products and some chemicals are known to cause cancer. Over 100,000 chemicals are used in everyday life and 1,000 new chemicals are introduced each year. Certain occupations also involve exposure to cancer-causing chemicals. The risk of developing cancer from chemical exposure depends on the type and amount of chemical, duration and frequency of exposure, and individual health factors. Chemicals can cause cancer by damaging DNA during metabolism in the body. Workplace chemical exposures pose a greater risk than everyday exposures due to higher concentrations and longer durations. It is important to be aware of chemical risks and take appropriate safety precautions.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, complications, and treatment methods. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and that smoking is the primary risk factor. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Preventing smoking and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its symptoms, diagnosis, causes, types, treatment, and prevention. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and is often caused by long-term tobacco smoke exposure. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Treatment options include surgery to remove parts of the lungs, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prevention strategies include not smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, testing for radon, and being aware of workplace exposures.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
Asbestos should be banned because it is harmful to human health when fibers are inhaled. Asbestos inhalation has been linked to malignant lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. The most hazardous types of asbestos persist longest in the lungs and have caused tumors in animals. Chronic asbestos exposure increases the risk of diseases like asbestosis, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. Since asbestos endangers human life and health, it should be banned from use.
there are many risk factors hidden in this world which hinders the health of the person and causes lung cancer at very faster rate. almost all the possible risk factors of lung cancer is detailed in these slides
This document discusses occupational lung diseases, including sarcoidosis and pneumoconiosis. Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that causes granulomas (lumps) in the lungs and lymph nodes, and is more common in African Americans, women, and those aged 20-40. Pneumoconiosis refers to fibrotic lung disease caused by inhaling mineral dusts, such as silica (silicosis), asbestos (asbestosis), or coal dust (coal worker's pneumoconiosis). Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. Diagnosis involves exposure history, imaging, and lung biopsies. Treatment focuses on removing exposure, managing symptoms, and treating
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Presentation is about Uses of asbestos, Cause of Asbestos Disease , Symptoms of Asbestos Disease, Preventive Measure of Asbestos Disease , Law regarding uses of Asbestos, Facts & Figures about Asbestos Disease, Instruction for using Asbestos, Asbestos health issues and types of asbestos.
Asbestosis , Lung cancer, mesothelioma are the asbestos related Disease.
Asbestos Awareness: 7 Asbestos Facts You Need to KnowChowdhury Nishat
Asbestos is one of the most dangerous natural materials, causing over 100,000 deaths worldwide annually. It was commonly used in construction materials until its severe health risks were discovered. Long-term or high-level exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to life-threatening illnesses like asbestosis, mesothelioma, and different types of cancer in the lungs or other organs. While now banned in most countries, asbestos remains in many older buildings and poses risks if disturbed. Proper training and safety precautions are necessary for any work with asbestos-containing materials.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
This document provides an overview of asbestos, including what it is, where it is commonly found, its health risks, and how to avoid exposure. It discusses that asbestos is a mineral made of tiny fibers that can cause serious health issues if inhaled. Some of the main points covered are:
- Asbestos is found in many building materials like insulation and floor tiles.
- Inhaling asbestos fibers can lead to diseases like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The risks increase with more exposure and if smoking.
- To avoid exposure, one should not disturb asbestos-containing materials and should report any damage to professionals for safe cleanup. Proper precautions are important when
This document provides a summary of asbestos awareness and safety. It defines asbestos and its health hazards. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause lung diseases like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma if inhaled. The document outlines where asbestos is commonly found, when it is dangerous, and how to avoid exposure through safe work practices like not disturbing asbestos-containing materials and reporting damages.
The health effects of asbestos exposure.Miranda Shop
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that was commonly used in construction from the 1940s to 1980s due to its durability, fire resistance, and insulating properties. It can be found in many older homes and buildings. When asbestos fibers become airborne and are inhaled, they can cause serious health issues like asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The risk of disease depends on the type and amount of asbestos fibers inhaled and can take 10-50 years to develop. While tightly bound asbestos may pose little risk, any asbestos should be handled carefully and exposure minimized to reduce health risks.
B sc micro, biotech, biochem i es u 3.1 ecosystemRai University
This document discusses environmental chemistry and related topics. It defines environmental chemistry as the scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural environments. It notes that environmental chemistry is interdisciplinary and relies on fields like atmospheric, aquatic, and soil chemistry. The document also discusses topics like chemical toxicology, carcinogens, effluents, biogeochemical cycles, ozone depletion, climate change, and greenhouse gases. It provides definitions and details about these topics.
This document discusses asbestos as an environmental and health problem. It provides an overview of asbestos, including its properties and historical uses. Asbestos was commonly used in insulation, fireproofing, and other construction materials until its dangers were recognized. Exposure can occur naturally or from contaminated buildings and workplaces. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can lead to several diseases, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The document reviews epidemiological data on asbestos-related diseases in Egypt, noting high rates of mesothelioma from 1989-1999, often in young adults exposed residentially. Strict regulations are needed to prevent exposure and associated health impacts.
This document discusses the dangers of asbestos exposure and requirements for safe removal. It notes that lung cancer and mesothelioma are the most common asbestos-related cancers in the US, affecting thousands each year. The document outlines required protective equipment for asbestos workers, proper removal and disposal procedures, and compliance monitoring by regulatory agencies. Long term effects of asbestos exposure are described, including asbestosis, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and mesothelioma, which may not appear for decades after initial exposure.
The document provides guidance on how to safely renovate or demolish structures that may contain asbestos. It outlines that asbestos was commonly used in construction until the 1980s and can be found in roofing, flooring, insulation and other building materials. The key risks are exposure to airborne asbestos fibers through activities like cutting or sanding asbestos materials. The document recommends checking for asbestos before starting renovation work and hiring a licensed asbestos removal contractor if it is discovered.
This document provides an overview of asbestos, its health hazards, and where it can be found. Asbestos was widely used in construction materials due to its desirable properties but is now known to cause serious health issues like mesothelioma cancer and asbestosis. It becomes hazardous when fibers are released into the air and inhaled. To avoid exposure, people should be aware of where asbestos is likely present in buildings and not disturb any asbestos-containing materials.
Unit b section - 4.2 factors that affect the bodytristan87
The document discusses several factors that affect the healthy function of the body's main systems. It focuses on three systems: respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. For the respiratory system, diseases like asthma can affect the lungs. Smoking is a major social factor that increases risk of respiratory diseases due to chemicals in cigarettes like tar and carbon monoxide. The circulatory system is impacted by diet and high cholesterol leading to conditions like atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Factors like diet, bacteria, and ulcers can influence the digestive system and cause issues like stomach pains and indigestion.
Chemicals are present in many everyday products and some chemicals are known to cause cancer. Over 100,000 chemicals are used in everyday life and 1,000 new chemicals are introduced each year. Certain occupations also involve exposure to cancer-causing chemicals. The risk of developing cancer from chemical exposure depends on the type and amount of chemical, duration and frequency of exposure, and individual health factors. Chemicals can cause cancer by damaging DNA during metabolism in the body. Workplace chemical exposures pose a greater risk than everyday exposures due to higher concentrations and longer durations. It is important to be aware of chemical risks and take appropriate safety precautions.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, complications, and treatment methods. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and that smoking is the primary risk factor. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Preventing smoking and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its symptoms, diagnosis, causes, types, treatment, and prevention. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and is often caused by long-term tobacco smoke exposure. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Treatment options include surgery to remove parts of the lungs, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prevention strategies include not smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, testing for radon, and being aware of workplace exposures.
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
Asbestos should be banned because it is harmful to human health when fibers are inhaled. Asbestos inhalation has been linked to malignant lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. The most hazardous types of asbestos persist longest in the lungs and have caused tumors in animals. Chronic asbestos exposure increases the risk of diseases like asbestosis, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. Since asbestos endangers human life and health, it should be banned from use.
there are many risk factors hidden in this world which hinders the health of the person and causes lung cancer at very faster rate. almost all the possible risk factors of lung cancer is detailed in these slides
This document discusses occupational lung diseases, including sarcoidosis and pneumoconiosis. Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that causes granulomas (lumps) in the lungs and lymph nodes, and is more common in African Americans, women, and those aged 20-40. Pneumoconiosis refers to fibrotic lung disease caused by inhaling mineral dusts, such as silica (silicosis), asbestos (asbestosis), or coal dust (coal worker's pneumoconiosis). Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. Diagnosis involves exposure history, imaging, and lung biopsies. Treatment focuses on removing exposure, managing symptoms, and treating
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. WHAT IS MEANT BY EPIDEMIOLOGY &
ETOLOGY ?
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• the branch of medicine which deals
with the incidence, distribution, and
possible control of diseases and
other factors relating to health.
ETIOLOGY
• Study of causes of disease
3. INCIDENCE OF CANCER
• Lung cancer is one of the most common deaths accounting for 1/3 of all cancer
deaths.
• It is most common cause of death both in men as well as woman. Although rates
of lung cancer is reducing in men but it is increasing in women.
• There has been increase of lung cancer in non smokers or who had minimum
smoking history (<10-15 packs year).
5. HOW DOES SMOKING LEADTO
CANCER ?
• Smoking is by far the biggest preventable cause of cancer.
• Chemicals in cigarette smoke enter our blood stream and can then affect the
entire body.This is why smoking causes so many diseases, including at least
15 types of cancer, heart disease and various lung diseases.
• Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer than non-smokers, whatever
type of cigarette they smoke.There’s no such thing as a safe way to use tobacco.
• It usually takes many years, or decades, for the DNA damage from smoking to
cause cancer. Our bodies are designed to deal with a bit of damage but it’s hard
for the body to cope with the number of harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke
7. How does smoking cause cancer?
SMOKING
DAMAGES
CELL
LEADSTO
CANCER
8. WHAT IS ASBESTOS ?
• Asbestos is a group of minerals that
occur naturally as bundles of fibers.
These fibers are found in soil and rocks in
many parts of the world.They are made
mainly of silicon and oxygen, but they
also contain other elements.
• Asbestos fibers can be useful because
they are strong, resistant to heat and to
many chemicals, and do not conduct
electricity. As a result, asbestos has
been used as an insulating material
since ancient times.
9. HOW DOES ASBESTOS LEADTO LUNG
CANCER ?
• When asbestos fibers in the air are inhaled, they can stick to mucus in the
throat, trachea (windpipe), or bronchi (large breathing tubes of the lungs) and
might be cleared by being coughed up or swallowed.
• But some fibers reach the ends of the small airways in the lungs or penetrate
into the outer lining of the lung and chest wall (known as the pleura).
• These fibers can irritate the cells in the lung or pleura and eventually cause lung
cancer.
10. HOW ARE PEOPLE EXPOSEDTO
ASBESTOS ?
INHALING
• Most exposures come from inhaling
asbestos fibers in the air.
• This can occur during the mining and
processing of asbestos, when making
asbestos-containing products, or
when installing asbestos insulation.
• It can also occur when older buildings
are demolished or renovated, or
when older asbestos-containing
materials begin to break down
SWALLOWING
• Asbestos fibers can also be
swallowed.
• This can happen when people
consume contaminated food or
liquids (such as water that flows
through asbestos cement pipes).
• It can also occur when people cough
up asbestos they have inhaled, and
then swallow their saliva.
11. RADIATION EXPOSURE
• The associations between radiation exposure and cancer are mostly based on
populations exposed to relatively high levels of ionizing radiation (e.g., Japanese
atomic bomb survivors and recipients of selected diagnostic or therapeutic
medical procedures).
• Literature from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also suggests
a possible association between ionizing radiation exposure and prostate, nasal
cavity/sinus, pharyngeal and laryngeal, and pancreatic cancers.
• Those cancers that may develop as a result of radiation exposure are
indistinguishable from those that occur naturally or as a result of exposure to
other chemical carcinogens.
12. OTHER LUNG DISEASES
• Lung scars and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are associated with an
increase risk for lung cancer .