1. SMK Bukit Jambul
Pentaksiran Berasaskan
Sekolah
Science Form 3
Name : Nurul Izzah Bt Hurairoh
Class : 3 Dinamik
Teacher’s name : Puan Siti
Azwan

2. Introduction to Respiratory System.
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen
in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory
system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and
exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means
of getting oxygen to the blood.
Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.
Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The
oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and
the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the
trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then
divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into
the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs
called alveoli. The average adult's lungs contain about 600 million of these
spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen
passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial
blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide
into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when
you exhale.
The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull
the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across
the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing
takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs.
When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

3. Substance Which are Harmful to Respiratory
System.
 Sulphur dioxide:
Great concentrations of this oxide of the sulphur, as well as the other sulphur
oxides, cause various problems with the organs of the respiratory system, and it
increases the mortality rate of the population especially in patients with cancer. It
also has bad effects on patients with bronchitis.
 Carbon Monoxide:
Increased quantities of this oxide has especially negative impact on the nervous
system and the cardiovascular system in human beings. It can cause strong
headaches, suffercation and poisoning that could lead to death. This oxide
causes disorders in the oxidation processes in the cells.
 Nitrogen Oxides:
Increased concentrations of this oxide can harm the respiratory organs, and it
could cause death. These oxides decrease the capacity of the blood to remit
oxygen.
 Hydrocarbons:
Greater concentrations of this compound can cause: coughs, accelerated puls,
headaches, nauseousness, temperature changes in the body, changes in the
blood, and even death. These compounds irritate the mucus membrane of the
eyes, nose and the respiratory system.

4. Diseases that affect the respiratory system.
Common diagnostic tools for diagnosing respiratory disease include chest x-ray,
pulmonary function test and CT scan. A bronchoscopy is performed by inserting
a bronchoscope into the airways — usually through the nose or mouth — to
examine for bleeding, tumors, inflammation or other abnormalities.
Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system can be caused by the
inhalation of foreign bodies such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, allergens and
other irritants. Not all people will develop respiratory ailments as a result of
environmental factors, as genetics also play a role in the development of
respiratory diseases.
Asthma causes breathing difficulties due to inflammation of bronchi and
bronchioles, this causes a restriction in the airflow into the alveoli. Air pollution,
tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold
air, exercise, chemicals and medications are some common asthma triggers.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the intersection of three
related conditions — chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. It is a
progressive disease that makes in increasingly difficult for sufferers to breath.
Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but the disease can affect non-
smokers as well. Like all cancers, lung cancer is caused by the uncontrolled
growth of abnormal cells.
Some other ailments involving the respiratory system are respiratory infections,
including tuberculosis, pneumonia and influenza.

5. Ways to improve air quality.
1
Save energy around the house. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, saving energy can reduce carbon emissions. Because most energy
sources require burning fossil fuels, the less energy you use, the greener you are.
Set your appliances and lights on a timer to turn off after a certain period of
inactivity. Use compact fluorescent bulbs instead of standard lightbulbs, and use
your microwave instead of the oven to heat small items.
2
Manage your heating and cooling. Turn your thermostat down in the winter and
up in the summer whenever you are at work, sleeping or on vacation. You can
also turn your water heater down to 120 degrees to save power. Make sure your
insulation is up to the recommended level for your area, and insulate pipes that
pass through unheated spaces. Check to see that your windows and doors are
not leaking warm or cool air. To make sure your furnace and air conditioners are
running efficiently, perform regular maintenance.
3
Cut back on the amount of packaging you purchase and the amount of
household waste you produce. The process of manufacturing packaging releases
harmful emissions into the atmosphere, so patronize brands that use as little
packaging as possible. Recycle everything you can: aluminum, paper, glass,
plastic and cardboard are usually easy to recycle. When you are disposing of
chemical-based substances like paint, batteries, pesticides or solvents, check
with your local waste management office for a safe, eco-friendly method.
4
Reduce the amount of time you spend in the car. Carpool or use public
transportation whenever you can. For shorter distances, walk or ride your bike to
do errands. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, changing to
carpooling can save a person over $1,000 per year. If you avoid driving alone
only one day every week for a year, you can save hundreds of dollars in
expenses, not to mention the wear and tear on your car. When you must drive,
refill your gas tank during colder times of the day and avoid spilling gas to
prevent evaporation into the atmosphere.

6. 5
Improve your fuel economy. According to the EPA, a 1 percent increase in fuel
economy equals a 1 percent decrease in carbon dioxide emissions Avoid
accelerating quickly, braking hard and driving at high speeds, particularly when in
heavy traffic. Remove excess weight from your car and remove unused roof
racks or bike carriers, which cause drag.

7. Practice to Improve The Quality of Air.