3. Neutrophils attack bacteria
B-lymphocytes make antibodies
T-lymphocytes
◦ Responsible for coordinating the immune system’s attack on
viruses, fungi and some bacteria
3
WBC are the most important part
of the immune system
4. 4
Important components of the
immune system
Lymphocytes
T4-lymphocytes B lymphocytes
Antibodies
CD4 type* CD8type
HIV uses CD4 cells for replication
6. Human:
◦ Can live only in
humans
Immunodeficienc y:
◦ Damages the immune
system of people it
infects
Virus:
◦ Retrovirus (RNA)
6
Transmembrane
Glycoprotein– gp41
EnvelopeGlycoprotein
gp 120
Viralgenome RNA
NucleoidCoreprotein
p 24
Reverse
Transcriptase
7. Acquired
(not born
with)
Immune
(body’s defense system)
Deficiency
(not working
properly)
Syndrome
(a group of signs and
symptoms)
7
Transmitted from person to
person
◦ It affects the body’s immune system
the part of the body which usually
works to fight off germs such as
bacteria and viruses
◦ Malfunctioning of the body’s
immune system
◦ Someone with AIDS may
experience a wide range of different
diseases and OIs
8.
9. 9
HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease
HIV develops into AIDS
AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense
mechanism or immune system
AIDS is acquired, not hereditary
10. History of AIDS
1959
Scientists isolate what is believed to be the earliest known case of AIDS.
The discovery suggests that the multitude of global AIDS viruses all shared
a common African ancestor within the past 40 to 50 years.
1978
Gay men in the US and Sweden -- and heterosexuals in Tanzania and Haiti
begin showing signs of what will later be called AIDS.
1972
The term AIDS ("acquired immune deficiency syndrome") is used for the
first time on July27th.
1985
The FDA (US) approves the first HIV antibody test. Blood products begin
to be tested in the US and Japan. The first International Conference on
AIDS is held in Atlanta (US).
15. HIV
1. Attachment
to host CD4
cell
2. Reverse
transcriptase
makes DNA
from the
virus’s RNA
3. Integration into host cell’s
nucleus
5. Assembly of
new HIV
viruses
6. Release
4. Reproduction of
viral components
16. Viral replication (8-10 years)
CD4 cell death
Further impairment of immune system
Increased likelihood of
opportunistic infections (OIs)
AIDS
19. Stage 1 -Primary
Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after
infection
no symptoms at all
Infected person can infect otherpeople
20. Stage 2 -Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollenglands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
21. Stage 3 -Symptomatic
The symptoms are mild
The immune system deteriorates
emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
22. Stage 4 -HIV AIDS
The immune system weakens
The illnesses become more severe leading to an
AIDS diagnosis
23. • Vaginal fluids
• Semen
• Breast milk
• HIV enters the bloodstream through:
• Cuts
• Mucous membranes
• Direct injection
26. Hugging
Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces
Bathing/Swimming in the same pool
Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet seats,
bedding, telephones or towels
Eating food prepared by an infected person
27. PREVENTION
Avoid multiple partners –use Condoms.
Use sterile needles each time forinjection
Never share needles
Avoid unnecessary blood transfusions
All pregnant women should be tested for HIV
28. Prevention
Use standard work precautions –hand hygiene,
personal protective gear.
Proper disposal of biomedical waste.
Immunization against HBV
Education
